Abstract
The indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo SCT) are both benign and malignant hematological disorders where there is a need to eradicate the diseased marrow, and to mount a possible graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect in case of malignant diseases. The common malignant diseases requiring allo SCT involve leukemias, mostly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The common benign disorders requiring allo SCT include thalassemia and aplastic anemia. Allo SCT has shown significant survival benefits in intermediate and poor-risk AML, but not in good-risk AML in first remission. In patients with advanced phase of CML, allo SCT should be performed after achieving second chronic phase. Allo SCT is recommended for adult patients with Ph positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Allo SCT is a preferred treatment option for primary myelofibrosis with intermediate-II and high-risk cases according to the Dynamic International Prognostic Index (DIPSS). Allo SCT is considered the treatment of choice for adult patients with high-risk MDS. This chapter will discuss briefly the common indications for allo SCT.