Abstract
Pain is multidimensional and subjective, which makes it difficult to treat. Newer treatment modalities have been under development with a better understanding of pain pathways in recent years. These treatments take advantage of the multifactorial components of pain, including agents such as ketamine, capsaicin, gabapentin, pregabalin, longacting opioids, peripheral nerve blockade, and patientcontrolled analgesia. Numerous studies have revealed not only efficacy but additive and/or synergistic effects when multiple agents are utilized for pain management. Overall, adequate perioperative pain control is important both in an acute setting and in preventing the development of a chronic pain condition, which causes significant short and longterm negative consequences. Best practice strategies are being utilized based on clinical studies to reduce pain and improve patient needs after surgery.