Abstract
Molecular testing has emerged as a valuable tool in the preoperative evaluation of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. The addition of molecular testing to Bethesda III and IV thyroid FNAs has resulted in an overall decrease in diagnostic lobectomies/thyroidectomies. However, molecular testing is not indicated in all patients. This chapter highlights the clinical considerations when determining the appropriate usage of molecular testing in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and currently available tests.