Abstract
Substance abuse is best conceptualized as a disease that results from a complex inters play between biological, psychological and social factors. Substance abuse and addiction are seen in all parts of the world, among members of all religions, and in people of every age and both sexes. Social and cultural norms significantly affect the definitions and patterns of what constitutes “substance abuse” in a given community. International studies suggest that substance abuse is more common among people with lower educational attainment, those who suffer from a psychiatric disorder, and those with a history of previous substance abuse. Availability and community acceptance of substances of abuse have both been established as major risk factors for substance abuse. The use of psychoactive substances by humans is a nearly universal phenomenon, particularly if the use of tobacco and caffeine are considered. The final common outcome of the interaction is often manifested by loss of control over the use of a substance or substances.