Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century the remnants of a global empire had crumbled following what many peninsular Spaniards considered a disastrous Spanish-American War. But so-called Africanistas continued to push for a colonial policy to acquire land as European powers scrambled to carve up Africa. The Spanish-Moroccan War still remained popular among many liberals, including veterans of the conflict, while other failed military actions, such as the pacification campaigns in the Dominican Republic, received scorn in the press.¹ In the early twentieth century Spain established a formal protectorate over the area around Tetuán, its North African capital, that lasted