Abstract
Among the many notable Jewish Bibles are versions that were translated into five other languages—Spanish, French, Italian, Hungarian, and Russian.
My choice to focus first on Spanish, French, and Italian arises from the recognition that many readers of this book are familiar with one or more of these languages. But there are issues of greater substance as well.
As it turns out, Spanish is the first Western European language to which Jews turned in their efforts to produce vernacular versions (that is, versions in the language spoken by members of the majority culture in which they lived). As we