Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) as a behavioral management intervention in children has attained an excellent safety record and is, therefore, used widely. As is true of any diagnostic or therapeutic dental intervention, however, its usage merits periodic review, even if-or particularly when-it is routinely applied. For example, when N2O is used in combination with other sedatives, such polypharmacy can produce potentially serious side effects. There are also bioenvironmental risks to patients and staff if ambient air is not properly monitored. Using historical publications, current empirical articles, professional usage policies, and educational textbooks, the purpose of this article was to review indications and contraindications of N2O and discuss various factors that should or should not be considered about its use in the United States. Even though today's parents may be more accepting of pharmacologic approaches such as N2O, the choice to use it should always be made with the child's best interest in mind.