Financial/nonfinancial disclosures: The authors have reported to CHEST the following: A. B. C. was an author of several of the papers included in this review, is an author and reviewer for Up to Date, was on the data safety monitoring board for a vaccine study (Glaxo), and has been an advisor for the study design of an unlicensed product (Merck). J. J. O. is on the Board of Directors for the American Board of Allergy and Immunology, is associate editor for the Annals of Allergy Watch, has been a reviewer for Up to Date, and has performed clinical research for Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Glaxo, Medimmune and Novartis. B. K. R. is a member of scientific advisory boards for Merk and Quvium UK, Ltd. None declared (M. M. W., G. C. C., R. S. I.). Moreover, while RSI is the Editor in Chief of CHEST , the review and all editorial decisions regarding this manuscript were independently made by others. Other contributions: We are grateful to Nancy Harger, MLS, and Judy Nordberg, MLS, Education and Clinical Services Librarians working in the University of Massachusetts Medical School Library in Worcester, MA, who undertook all the searches for these systematic reviews. Role of sponsors: CHEST was the sole supporter of these guidelines, this article, and the innovations addressed within. Collaborators: Kenneth W. Altman, MD, PhD (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX), Elie Azoulay, MD, PhD (University of Paris, Paris, France), Alan F. Barker, MD (Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR), Surinder S. Birring, MBChB, MD (Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom), Fiona Blackhall, MD, PhD (University of Manchester, Department of Medical Oncology, Manchester, England), Donald C. Bolser, PhD (College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL), hristopher Brightling, MBBS, PhD, FCCP (University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom), Priscilla Callahan-Lyon, MD (Adamstown, MD), Anne B. Chang, MBBS, PhD, MPH (Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia), Paul Davenport, PhD (Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL), Satoru Ebihara, MD, PhD (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan), Ali A. El Solh, MD, MPH (University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY), Patricio Escalante, MD, MSc, FCCP (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Stephen K. Field, MD (University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada), Dina Fisher, MD, MSc (University of Calgary, Respiratory Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada), Cynthia T. French, PhD, FCCP (UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA), Susan M. Harding, MD, FCCP (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Peter Gibson, MBBS (Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia), Philip Gold, MD, MACP, FCCP (Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA), Anthony Harnden, MB ChB, MSc (University of Oxford, Oxford, England), Adam T. Hill, MB ChB, MD (Royal Infirmary and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland), Richard S. Irwin, MD, Master FCCP (UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA), Joanne Kavanagh, MBChB, (Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom), Karina A. Keogh, MD (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Kefang Lai, MD, PhD (First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China), Andrew P. Lane, MD (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD), J. Mark Madison, MD, FCCP, (UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA), Mark A. Malesker, PharmD, FCCP (Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE), Stuart Mazzone, PhD, FCCP (University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia), Alex Molassoitis, PhD, MSc, RN (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, M. Hassan Murad, MD, MPH (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Mangala Narasimhan, DO, FCCP (Hofstra-Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY), Huong Q. Nguyen, PhD, RN (Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA), Peter Newcombe, PhD (School of Psychology University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia), John Oppenheimer, MD (UMDNJ-Rutgers University), Marcos I. Restrepo, MD, MSc, FCCP (South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio), Mark Rosen, MD, Master FCCP (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY), Bruce Rubin, MEngr, MD, MBA (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA), Jay H. Ryu, MD, FCCP (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Susan M. Tarlo, MBBS, FCCP (Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada), Julie Turmel, PhD (Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec), Anne E. Vertigan, PhD, MBA, BAppSc (SpPath) (John Hunter Hospital, New South Wales, Australia), Miles Weinberger, MD, FCCP (University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA), Kelly Weir, BSpThy, MSpPath, PhD, CPSP (Menzies Health Institute Queensland/Griffith and Gold Coast, Australia). Additional information: The e-Appendix and e-Figures can be found in the Supplemental Material section of the online article.