Abstract
The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) device was initially developed with the goal of providing extended support in patients experiencing cardiac failure. However, ECMO technology has evolved, and now provides a means to successfully manage patients experiencing cardiac and/or pulmonary failure until such time as the patient's body is able to either heal, or undergo transplantation. In addition, it has been used in the management of multisystem organ dysfunction. The life-saving utility of this therapy for critically ill patients has prompted world-wide implementation particularly in resource-rich settings. Innovations in instrumentation, broad clinical implementation, extensive utilization of blood and blood components, and the catastrophic nature of potential complications, have collectively prompted the evolution of a tremendous body of research. In this comprehensive review we briefly describe the early development of the ECMO device and technology, in addition to outlining the function of the device as it now commonly utilized including veno-arterial (VA) vs. veno-venous (VV) and rapid deployment ECMO. This review will also delineate the rationale for ECMO use, common clinical indications, and specialized techniques, in addition to the approaches necessary for their successful implementation. As systemic anticoagulation is frequently utilized to support patients on ECMO, the review also contains an extensive review of anticoagulation management, blood component utilization, and potential hematologic complications of ECMO. The review includes a discussion of more recent trends including the use of ECMO in COVID-19 patients, and the performance of tandem plasma exchange. Finally, areas of current controversy and needed research will be highlighted. © 2022 The authors.