Measurements of ϒ states production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV with STAR: Cross sections, ratios, and multiplicity dependence

B. E. Aboona; J. Adam; L. Adamczyk; I. Aggarwal; M. M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; A. K. Alshammri; E. C. Aschenauer; S. Aslam; J. Atchison; V. Bairathi; X. Bao; K. Barish; S. Behera; R. Bellwied; P. Bhagat; A. Bhasin; S. Bhatta; S. R. Bhosale; J. Bielcik; J. Bielcikova; J. D. Brandenburg; C. Broodo; X. Z. Cai; H. Caines; M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez; D. Cebra; J. Ceska; I. Chakaberia; P. Chaloupka; B. K. Chan; Z. Chang; A. Chatterjee; D. Chen; J. Chen; J. H. Chen; Q. Chen; Z. Chen; J. Cheng; Y. Cheng; W. Christie; X. Chu; S. Corey; H. J. Crawford; M. Csanád; G. Dale-Gau; A. Das; I. M. Deppner; A. Deshpande; A. Dhamija; A. Dimri; P. Dixit; X. Dong; J. L. Drachenberg; E. Duckworth; J. C. Dunlop; J. Engelage; G. Eppley; S. Esumi; O. Evdokimov; O. Eyser; R. Fatemi; S. Fazio; Y. Feng; E. Finch; Y. Fisyak; F. A. Flor; C. Fu; T. Fu; C. A. Gagliardi; T. Galatyuk; T. Gao; F. Geurts; N. Ghimire; A. Gibson; K. Gopal; X. Gou; D. Grosnick; A. Gu; A. Gupta; W. Guryn; A. Hamed; R. J. Hamilton; X. Han; S. Harabasz; M. D. Harasty; J. W. Harris; H. Harrison-Smith; L. B. Havener; X. H. He; Y. He; N. Herrmann; L. Holub; C. Hu; Q. Hu; Y. Hu; H. Huang; H. Z. Huang; S. L. Huang; T. Huang; Y. Huang; T. J. Humanic; M. Isshiki; W. W. Jacobs; A. Jalotra; C. Jena; A. Jentsch; Y. Ji; J. Jia; C. Jin; N. Jindal; X. Ju; E. G. Judd; S. Kabana; D. Kalinkin; K. Kang; D. Kapukchyan; K. Kauder; D. Keane; M. Kesler; A. Khanal; Y. V. Khyzhniak; D. P. Kikoła; J. Kim; D. Kincses; I. Kisel; A. Kiselev; A. G. Knospe; J. Kołaś; B. Korodi; L. K. Kosarzewski; L. Kumar; M. C. Labonte; R. Lacey; J. M. Landgraf; C. Larson; J. Lauret; A. Lebedev; J. H. Lee; Y. H. Leung; C. Li; D. Li; H-S. Li; H. Li; W. Li; X. Li; Y. Li; Z. Li; X. Liang; Y. Liang; R. Licenik; T. Lin; Y. Lin; M. A. Lisa; C. Liu; G. Liu; H. Liu; L. Liu; Z. Liu; T. Ljubicic; O. Lomicky; R. S. Longacre; E. M. Loyd; T. Lu; J. Luo; X. F. Luo; L. Ma; R. Ma; Y. G. Ma; N. Magdy; D. Mallick; R. Manikandhan; S. Margetis; C. Markert; O. Matonoha; O. Mezhanska; K. Mi; S. Mioduszewski; B. Mohanty; B. Mondal; M. M. Mondal; I. Mooney; J. Mrazkova; M. I. Nagy; C. J. Naim; A. S. Nain; J. D. Nam; M. Nasim; H. Nasrulloh; D. Neff; J. M. Nelson; M. Nie; G. Nigmatkulov; T. Niida; T. Nonaka; G. Odyniec; A. Ogawa; S. Oh; K. Okubo; B. S. Page; S. Pal; A. Pandav; A. Panday; A. K. Pandey; T. Pani; A. Paul; S. Paul; D. Pawlowska; C. Perkins; J. Pluta; B. R. Pokhrel; I. D. Ponce Pinto; M. Posik; E. Pottebaum; S. Prodhan; T. L. Protzman; A. Prozorov; V. Prozorova; N. K. Pruthi; M. Przybycien; J. Putschke; Z. Qin; H. Qiu; C. Racz; S. K. Radhakrishnan; A. Rana; R. L. Ray; R. Reed; C. W. Robertson; M. Robotkova; M. A. Rosales Aguilar; D. Roy; P. Roy Chowdhury; L. Ruan; A. K. Sahoo; N. R. Sahoo; H. Sako; S. Salur; S. S. Sambyal; J. K. Sandhu; S. Sato; B. C. Schaefer; N. Schmitz; F-J. Seck; J. Seger; R. Seto; P. Seyboth; N. Shah; P. V. Shanmuganathan; T. Shao; M. Sharma; N. Sharma; R. Sharma; S. R. Sharma; A. I. Sheikh; D. Shen; D. Y. Shen; K. Shen; S. Shi; Y. Shi; F. Si; J. Singh; S. Singha; P. Sinha; M. J. Skoby; N. Smirnov; Y. Söhngen; Y. Song; T. D. S. Stanislaus; M. Stefaniak; Y. Su; M. Sumbera; X. Sun; Y. Sun; B. Surrow; M. Svoboda; Z. W. Sweger; A. C. Tamis; A. H. Tang; Z. Tang; T. Tarnowsky; J. H. Thomas; A. R. Timmins; D. Tlusty; T. Todoroki; D. Torres Valladares; S. Trentalange; P. Tribedy; S. K. Tripathy; T. Truhlar; B. A. Trzeciak; O. D. Tsai; C. Y. Tsang; Z. Tu; J. Tyler; T. Ullrich; D. G. Underwood; G. Van Buren; J. Vanek; I. Vassiliev; F. Videbæk; S. A. Voloshin; G. Wang; J. S. Wang; J. Wang; K. Wang; X. Wang; Y. Wang; Z. Wang; A. J. Watroba; J. C. Webb; P. C. Weidenkaff; G. D. Westfall; D. Wielanek; H. Wieman; G. Wilks; S. W. Wissink; R. Witt; C. P. Wong; J. Wu; X. Wu; B. Xi; Z. G. Xiao; G. Xie; W. Xie; H. Xu; N. Xu; Q. H. Xu; Y. Xu; Z. Xu; G. Yan; Z. Yan; C. Yang; Q. Yang; S. Yang; Y. Yang; Z. Ye; L. Yi; Y. Yu; H. Zbroszczyk; W. Zha; C. Zhang; D. Zhang; J. Zhang; S. Zhang; W. Zhang; X. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; F. Zhao; J. Zhao; M. Zhao; S. Zhou; Y. Zhou; X. Zhu; M. Zurek; M. Zyzak; Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)

doi:10.1103/bsyx-qtjp

$Measurements of ϒ states production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV with STAR: Cross sections, ratios, and multiplicity dependence$

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Measurements of ϒ states production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV with STAR: Cross sections, ratios, and multiplicity dependence

B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. K. Alshammri, E. C. Aschenauer, S. Aslam, J. Atchison, …

Physical review. D, Vol.112(3)

08/15/2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bsyx-qtjp

Abstract

Bottom quark

Bottom quark production

Hadron colliders

Hadron-hadron interactions

NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Particle production

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Strong interaction

We report measurements of ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆), ϒ⁡(2⁢𝑆) and ϒ⁡(3⁢𝑆) production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =500 GeV by the STAR experiment in year 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity ℒint = 13 pb−1. The results provide precise cross sections, transverse momentum (𝑝T) and rapidity (𝑦) spectra, as well as cross section ratios for 𝑝T < 10 GeV/c and |𝑦| < 1. The dependence of the ϒ yield on charged particle multiplicity has also been measured, offering new insights into the mechanisms of quarkonium production. The data are compared to various theoretical models: the color evaporation model (CEM) accurately describes the ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆) production, while the color glass condensate+nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (CGC+NRQCD) model overestimates the data, particularly at low 𝑝T. Conversely, the color singlet model (CSM) underestimates the rapidity dependence. These discrepancies highlight the need for further development in understanding the production dynamics of heavy quarkonia in high-energy hadronic collisions. The trend in the multiplicity dependence is consistent with CGC/saturation and string percolation models or ϒ production happening in multiple parton interactions modeled by PYTHIA8.

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Title: Measurements of ϒ states production in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV with STAR: Cross sections, ratios, and multiplicity dependence
Creators: B. E. Aboona - Mitchell Institute
J. Adam - Czech Technical University in Prague
L. Adamczyk - AGH University of Krakow
I. Aggarwal - Panjab University
M. M. Aggarwal - Panjab University
Z. Ahammed - Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
A. K. Alshammri - Kent State University
E. C. Aschenauer - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Aslam - Fudan University
J. Atchison - Abilene Christian University
V. Bairathi - University of Tarapacá
X. Bao - Shandong University
K. Barish - University of California System
S. Behera - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
R. Bellwied - University of Houston
P. Bhagat - University of Jammu
A. Bhasin - University of Jammu
S. Bhatta - State University of New York
S. R. Bhosale - AGH University of Krakow
J. Bielcik - Czech Technical University in Prague
J. Bielcikova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
J. D. Brandenburg - The Ohio State University
C. Broodo - University of Houston
X. Z. Cai - Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Caines - Yale University
M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez - University of California
D. Cebra - University of California System
J. Ceska - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. Chakaberia - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
P. Chaloupka - Czech Technical University in Prague
B. K. Chan - University of California
Z. Chang - Indiana University
A. Chatterjee - National Institute of Technology Durgapur
D. Chen - University of California System
J. Chen - Fudan University
J. H. Chen - Fudan University
Q. Chen - Guangxi Normal University
Z. Chen - Shandong University
J. Cheng - Tsinghua University
Y. Cheng - University of California System
W. Christie - Brookhaven National Laboratory
X. Chu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Corey - The Ohio State University
H. J. Crawford - University of California
M. Csanád - Eötvös Loránd University
G. Dale-Gau - University of Illinois Chicago
A. Das - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. M. Deppner - Heidelberg
A. Deshpande - State University of New York
A. Dhamija - Panjab University
A. Dimri - State University of New York
P. Dixit - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
X. Dong - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. L. Drachenberg - Abilene Christian University
E. Duckworth - Kent State University
J. C. Dunlop - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Engelage - University of California System
G. Eppley - Rice University
S. Esumi - University of Tsukuba
O. Evdokimov - University of Illinois Chicago
O. Eyser - Brookhaven National Laboratory
R. Fatemi - University of Kentucky
S. Fazio - University of Calabria
Y. Feng - Purdue University West Lafayette
E. Finch - Southern Connecticut State University
Y. Fisyak - Brookhaven National Laboratory
F. A. Flor - Yale University
C. Fu - Institute of Modern Physics
T. Fu - Shandong University
C. A. Gagliardi - Texas A&M University
T. Galatyuk - Technical University of Darmstadt
T. Gao - Shandong University
F. Geurts - Rice University
N. Ghimire - Temple College
A. Gibson - Valparaiso University
K. Gopal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
X. Gou - Shandong University
D. Grosnick - Valparaiso University
A. Gu - Huzhou University
A. Gupta - University of Jammu
W. Guryn - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. Hamed - American University in Cairo
R. J. Hamilton - Yale University
X. Han - The Ohio State University
S. Harabasz - Technical University of Darmstadt
M. D. Harasty - University of California
J. W. Harris - Yale University
H. Harrison-Smith - University of Kentucky
L. B. Havener - Yale University
X. H. He - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. He - Shandong University
N. Herrmann - Heidelberg University
L. Holub - Czech Technical University in Prague
C. Hu - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Q. Hu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Hu - Panjab University
H. Huang - Academia Sinica
H. Z. Huang - University of California
S. L. Huang - State University of New York
T. Huang - University of Illinois Chicago
Y. Huang - Central China Normal University
Y. Huang - Central China Normal University
T. J. Humanic - The Ohio State University
M. Isshiki - University of Tsukuba
W. W. Jacobs - Indiana University
A. Jalotra - University of Jammu
C. Jena - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
A. Jentsch - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. Ji - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Jia - Brookhaven National Laboratory
C. Jin - Rice University
N. Jindal - The Ohio State University
X. Ju - University of Science and Technology of China
E. G. Judd - University of California
S. Kabana - University of Tarapacá
D. Kalinkin - University of Kentucky
K. Kang - Tsinghua University
D. Kapukchyan - University of California, Riverside
K. Kauder - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Keane - Kent State University
M. Kesler - Kent State University
A. Khanal - Wayne State University
Y. V. Khyzhniak - The Ohio State University
D. P. Kikoła - Warsaw University of Technology
J. Kim - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Kincses - Eötvös Loránd University
I. Kisel - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
A. Kiselev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. G. Knospe - Lehigh University
J. Kołaś - Warsaw University of Technology
B. Korodi - The Ohio State University
L. K. Kosarzewski - The Ohio State University] (ORCID:0000000241009939
L. Kumar - Panjab University
M. C. Labonte - University of California
R. Lacey - State University of New York
J. M. Landgraf - Brookhaven National Laboratory
C. Larson - University of Kentucky
J. Lauret - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. Lebedev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. H. Lee - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. H. Leung - Heidelberg
C. Li - Central China Normal University
D. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
H-S. Li - Purdue University West Lafayette
H. Li - Purdue University West Lafayette
H. Li - Purdue University West Lafayette
W. Li - Rice University
X. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
Z. Li - South China Normal University
Z. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Liang - University of California, Riverside
Y. Liang - Kent State University
R. Licenik - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
T. Lin - Shandong University
Y. Lin - Guangxi Normal University
M. A. Lisa - The Ohio State University
C. Liu - Institute of Modern Physics
G. Liu - South China Normal University
H. Liu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
L. Liu - South China Normal University
Z. Liu - Central China Normal University
T. Ljubicic - Rice University
O. Lomicky - Czech Technical University in Prague
R. S. Longacre - Brookhaven National Laboratory
E. M. Loyd - University of California
T. Lu - Institute of Modern Physics
J. Luo - University of California System
X. F. Luo - Central China Normal University
L. Ma - Fudan University
R. Ma - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. G. Ma - Fudan University
N. Magdy - Texas Southern University
D. Mallick - Central China Normal University
R. Manikandhan - University of Houston
S. Margetis - Kent State University
C. Markert - The University of Texas at Austin
O. Matonoha - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. Mezhanska - Czech Technical University in Prague
K. Mi - Central China Normal University
S. Mioduszewski - Texas A&M University
B. Mohanty - National Institute of Science Education and Research
B. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
M. M. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
I. Mooney - Yale University
J. Mrazkova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
M. I. Nagy - Eötvös Loránd University
C. J. Naim - State University of New York
A. S. Nain - Panjab University
J. D. Nam - Temple University
M. Nasim - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
H. Nasrulloh - University of Science and Technology of China
D. Neff - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
J. M. Nelson - University of California
M. Nie - Shandong University
G. Nigmatkulov - University of Illinois Chicago
T. Niida - University of Tsukuba
T. Nonaka - University of Tsukuba
G. Odyniec - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ogawa - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Oh - Sejong University
K. Okubo - University of Tsukuba
B. S. Page - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Pal - Czech Technical University in Prague
A. Pandav - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Panday - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
A. K. Pandey - Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. Pani - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
A. Paul - University of California, Riverside
S. Paul - State University of New York
D. Pawlowska - Warsaw University of Technology
C. Perkins - University of California, Berkeley
J. Pluta - Warsaw University of Technology
B. R. Pokhrel - Temple University
I. D. Ponce Pinto - Yale University
M. Posik - Temple University
E. Pottebaum - Yale University
S. Prodhan - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
T. L. Protzman - Lehigh University
A. Prozorov - Czech Technical University in Prague
V. Prozorova - Czech Technical University in Prague
N. K. Pruthi - Panjab University
M. Przybycien - AGH University of Krakow
J. Putschke - Wayne State University
Z. Qin - Tsinghua University
H. Qiu - Institute of Modern Physics
C. Racz - University of California, Riverside
S. K. Radhakrishnan - Kent State University
A. Rana - Panjab University
R. L. Ray - University of Texas
R. Reed - Lehigh University
C. W. Robertson - Purdue University
M. Robotkova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
M. A. Rosales Aguilar - University of Kentucky
D. Roy - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
P. Roy Chowdhury - Warsaw University of Technology
L. Ruan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. K. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
N. R. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
H. Sako - University of Tsukuba
S. Salur - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
S. S. Sambyal - University of Jammu
J. K. Sandhu - Lehigh University
S. Sato - University of Tsukuba
B. C. Schaefer - Lehigh University
N. Schmitz - University of Tsukuba
F-J. Seck - Lehigh University
J. Seger - Creighton University
R. Seto - Technical University of Darmstadt
P. Seyboth - Max Planck Institute for Physics
N. Shah - Indian Institute of Technology Patna
P. V. Shanmuganathan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
T. Shao - Fudan University
M. Sharma - University of Jammu
N. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
R. Sharma - University of Jammu
S. R. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
A. I. Sheikh - Kent State University
D. Shen - Shandong University
D. Y. Shen - Chinese Academy of Sciences
K. Shen - Shandong University
S. Shi - Shandong University
Y. Shi - Shandong University
F. Si - University of Science and Technology of China
J. Singh - University of Tarapacá
S. Singha - Institute of Modern Physics
P. Sinha - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
M. J. Skoby
N. Smirnov - Yale University
Y. Söhngen - Purdue University West Lafayette
Y. Song - Yale University
T. D. S. Stanislaus - Valparaiso University
M. Stefaniak - The Ohio State University
Y. Su - University of Science and Technology of China
M. Sumbera - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
X. Sun - Institute of Modern Physics
Y. Sun - University of Science and Technology of China
B. Surrow - Temple University
M. Svoboda - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
Z. W. Sweger - University of California
A. C. Tamis - Yale University
A. H. Tang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Z. Tang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
T. Tarnowsky - Michigan State University
J. H. Thomas - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. R. Timmins - University of Houston
D. Tlusty - Creighton University
T. Todoroki - University of Tsukuba
D. Torres Valladares - Rice University
S. Trentalange - University of California, Los Angeles
P. Tribedy - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. K. Tripathy - Warsaw University of Technology
T. Truhlar - Czech Technical University in Prague
B. A. Trzeciak - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. D. Tsai
C. Y. Tsang
Z. Tu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Tyler - Texas A&M University
T. Ullrich - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. G. Underwood
G. Van Buren - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Vanek - Brookhaven National Laboratory
I. Vassiliev - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
F. Videbæk - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. A. Voloshin - Wayne State University
G. Wang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. S. Wang - Huzhou University
J. Wang - Huzhou University
K. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Wang - Shandong University
Y. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
Z. Wang - Shandong University
A. J. Watroba - AGH University of Krakow
J. C. Webb - Brookhaven National Laboratory
P. C. Weidenkaff - Heidelberg
G. D. Westfall - Michigan State University
D. Wielanek - Warsaw University of Technology
H. Wieman - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
G. Wilks - University of Illinois Chicago
S. W. Wissink - Indiana University
R. Witt - United States Naval Academy
C. P. Wong - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Wu - Indiana University
J. Wu - Indiana University
X. Wu - United States Naval Academy
X. Wu - United States Naval Academy
B. Xi - Fudan University
Z. G. Xiao - Tsinghua University
G. Xie - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. Xie - Purdue University West Lafayette
H. Xu - Huzhou University
N. Xu - Fudan University
Q. H. Xu - Shandong University
Y. Xu - Shandong University
Y. Xu - Shandong University
Z. Xu - Kent State University
Z. Xu - Argonne National Laboratory
G. Yan - Shandong University
Z. Yan - State University of New York
C. Yang - Central China Normal University
Q. Yang - Shandong University
S. Yang - South China Normal University
Y. Yang - Argonne National Laboratory
Z. Ye - South China Normal University
Z. Ye - South China Normal University
L. Yi - Shandong University
Y. Yu - Shandong University
H. Zbroszczyk - Warsaw University of Technology
W. Zha - University of Science and Technology of China
C. Zhang - Fudan University
D. Zhang - South China Normal University
J. Zhang - Shandong University
S. Zhang - Chongqing University
W. Zhang - South China Normal University
X. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Z. Zhang - Guangxi Normal University
Z. Zhang - Guangxi Normal University
F. Zhao - Lanzhou University
J. Zhao - Fudan University
M. Zhao - Guangxi Normal University
S. Zhou - Central China Normal University
Y. Zhou - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Zhu - Tsinghua University
M. Zurek - Argonne National Laboratory
M. Zyzak - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)
Publication Details: Physical review. D, Vol.112(3)
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Identifiers: 991006249579802656
Academic Unit: Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article