Abstract
BackgroundThe applicability of existing trauma activation criteria (TAC) and the need for geriatric-specific TAC for this vulnerable population has been debated. The goal of this study was to determine whether existing TAC are equally effective at identifying the need for high-intensity time-sensitive (HITS) interventions in older versus younger adults and their relationship to outcomes.MethodsThis multicenter, retrospective, cohort study collected data (2017–2019) securely from participating centers as National Trauma Data Bank files with trauma activation (TA) status: full (fTA), partial (pTA), none (nTA). HITS were derived from Trauma Quality Improvement Program process of care measures as critical interventions requiring trauma expertise including emergent airway management/ventilation, hemorrhage control surgery, blood transfusion, intracranial pressure monitoring, chest tube placement, and angiography. Older adults (≥65 years) were compared with younger adults (<65 years) on demographics, injury characteristics, and HITS status by TAC status using χ2 tests.ResultsTwenty-five level I and 11 level II US TCs enrolled 216 960 patients (87.9% blunt, 18.7% fTA, median age: 54 years, median Injury Severity Score: 9, in-hospital mortality 3.3%). Overall, 10.3% of patients received a HITS intervention. Older adults were less likely to receive HITS compared with younger adults (fTA: 35.4% vs 39.3%, p<0.001; pTA: 5.1% vs 6.1%, p<0.001), but this difference was not significant in the adjusted analysis for fTA (adjusted OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.02, p=0.25). Compared with non-HITS, HITS were associated with increased total mortality (in-hospital mortality+hospice) in both fTA (25.6% vs 4.3%, p<0.001) and pTA (15.2% vs 2.0%, p<0.001). Rates of undertriage were high in both younger and older adults (25% and 47%, respectively).ConclusionsMeeting current TAC for highest level activation identifies patients needing HITS equally for younger and older adults, but high undertriage and overtriage remain problematic in both groups. This research highlights opportunities to address significant deficiencies in the accuracy and/or application of TAC for both younger and older adults.Level of evidenceLevel III, therapeutic/care management