Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

B. E. Aboona; J. Adam; L. Adamczyk; I. Aggarwal; M. M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; A. K. Alshammri; E. C. Aschenauer; S. Aslam; J. Atchison; V. Bairathi; X. Bao; K. Barish; S. Behera; R. Bellwied; P. Bhagat; A. Bhasin; S. Bhatta; S. R. Bhosale; J. Bielcik; J. Bielcikova; J. D. Brandenburg; C. Broodo; X. Z. Cai; H. Caines; M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez; D. Cebra; J. Ceska; I. Chakaberia; P. Chaloupka; B. K. Chan; Z. Chang; A. Chatterjee; D. Chen; J. Chen; J. H. Chen; Q. Chen; Z. Chen; J. Cheng; Y. Cheng; W. Christie; X. Chu; S. Corey; H. J. Crawford; M. Csanád; G. Dale-Gau; A. Das; I. M. Deppner; A. Deshpande; A. Dhamija; A. Dimri; P. Dixit; X. Dong; J. L. Drachenberg; E. Duckworth; J. C. Dunlop; J. Engelage; G. Eppley; S. Esumi; O. Evdokimov; O. Eyser; R. Fatemi; S. Fazio; Y. Feng; E. Finch; Y. Fisyak; F. A. Flor; C. Fu; T. Fu; C. A. Gagliardi; T. Galatyuk; T. Gao; F. Geurts; N. Ghimire; A. Gibson; K. Gopal; X. Gou; D. Grosnick; A. Gu; A. Gupta; A. Hamed; R. J. Hamilton; X. Han; S. Harabasz; M. D. Harasty; J. W. Harris; H. Harrison-Smith; L. B. Havener; X. H. He; Y. He; N. Herrmann; L. Holub; C. Hu; Q. Hu; Y. Hu; H. Huang; H. Z. Huang; S. L. Huang; T. Huang; Y. Huang; T. J. Humanic; M. Isshiki; W. W. Jacobs; A. Jalotra; C. Jena; A. Jentsch; Y. Ji; J. Jia; C. Jin; N. Jindal; X. Ju; E. G. Judd; S. Kabana; D. Kalinkin; K. Kang; D. Kapukchyan; K. Kauder; D. Keane; M. Kesler; A. Khanal; Y. V. Khyzhniak; D. P. Kikoła; J. Kim; D. Kincses; I. Kisel; A. Kiselev; A. G. Knospe; J. Kołaś; B. Korodi; L. K. Kosarzewski; L. Kumar; M. C. Labonte; R. Lacey; J. M. Landgraf; C. Larson; J. Lauret; A. Lebedev; J. H. Lee; Y. H. Leung; C. Li; D. Li; H-S. Li; H. Li; W. Li; X. Li; Y. Li; Z. Li; X. Liang; Y. Liang; R. Licenik; T. Lin; Y. Lin; M. A. Lisa; C. Liu; G. Liu; H. Liu; L. Liu; Z. Liu; T. Ljubicic; O. Lomicky; R. S. Longacre; E. M. Loyd; T. Lu; J. Luo; X. F. Luo; L. Ma; R. Ma; Y. G. Ma; N. Magdy; D. Mallick; R. Manikandhan; S. Margetis; C. Markert; O. Matonoha; O. Mezhanska; K. Mi; S. Mioduszewski; B. Mohanty; B. Mondal; M. M. Mondal; I. Mooney; J. Mrazkova; M. I. Nagy; C. J. Naim; A. S. Nain; J. D. Nam; M. Nasim; H. Nasrulloh; D. Neff; J. M. Nelson; M. Nie; G. Nigmatkulov; T. Niida; T. Nonaka; G. Odyniec; A. Ogawa; S. Oh; K. Okubo; B. S. Page; S. Pal; A. Pandav; A. Panday; A. K. Pandey; T. Pani; A. Paul; S. Paul; D. Pawlowska; C. Perkins; J. Pluta; B. R. Pokhrel; I. D. Ponce Pinto; M. Posik; E. Pottebaum; S. Prodhan; T. L. Protzman; A. Prozorov; V. Prozorova; N. K. Pruthi; M. Przybycien; J. Putschke; Z. Qin; H. Qiu; C. Racz; S. K. Radhakrishnan; A. Rana; R. L. Ray; R. Reed; C. W. Robertson; M. Robotkova; M. A. Rosales Aguilar; D. Roy; P. Roy Chowdhury; L. Ruan; A. K. Sahoo; N. R. Sahoo; H. Sako; S. Salur; S. S. Sambyal; J. K. Sandhu; S. Sato; B. C. Schaefer; N. Schmitz; F-J. Seck; J. Seger; R. Seto; P. Seyboth; N. Shah; P. V. Shanmuganathan; T. Shao; M. Sharma; N. Sharma; R. Sharma; S. R. Sharma; A. I. Sheikh; D. Shen; D. Y. Shen; K. Shen; S. Shi; Y. Shi; F. Si; J. Singh; S. Singha; P. Sinha; M. J. Skoby; N. Smirnov; Y. Söhngen; Y. Song; T. D. S. Stanislaus; M. Stefaniak; Y. Su; M. Sumbera; X. Sun; Y. Sun; B. Surrow; M. Svoboda; Z. W. Sweger; A. C. Tamis; A. H. Tang; Z. Tang; T. Tarnowsky; J. H. Thomas; A. R. Timmins; D. Tlusty; T. Todoroki; D. Torres Valladares; S. Trentalange; P. Tribedy; S. K. Tripathy; T. Truhlar; B. A. Trzeciak; O. D. Tsai; C. Y. Tsang; Z. Tu; J. Tyler; T. Ullrich; D. G. Underwood; G. Van Buren; J. Vanek; I. Vassiliev; F. Videbæk; S. A. Voloshin; F. Wang; G. Wang; J. S. Wang; J. Wang; K. Wang; X. Wang; Y. Wang; Z. Wang; A. J. Watroba; J. C. Webb; P. C. Weidenkaff; G. D. Westfall; D. Wielanek; H. Wieman; G. Wilks; S. W. Wissink; R. Witt; C. P. Wong; J. Wu; X. Wu; B. Xi; Z. G. Xiao; G. Xie; W. Xie; H. Xu; N. Xu; Q. H. Xu; Y. Xu; Z. Xu; G. Yan; Z. Yan; C. Yang; Q. Yang; S. Yang; Y. Yang; Z. Ye; L. Yi; Y. Yu; H. Zbroszczyk; W. Zha; C. Zhang; D. Zhang; J. Zhang; S. Zhang; W. Zhang; X. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; F. Zhao; J. Zhao; M. Zhao; S. Zhou; Y. Zhou; X. Zhu; M. Zurek; M. Zyzak; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (United States)

doi:10.1103/2qhx-cp79

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Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

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Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. K. Alshammri, E. C. Aschenauer, S. Aslam, J. Atchison, …

Physical review letters, Vol.135(7)

08/11/2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2qhx-cp79

Abstract

QCD phase transitions

Quark matter

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Partonic collectivity is one of the necessary signatures for the formation of quark-gluon plasma in high-energy nuclear collisions. Number of constituent quarks (NCQ) scaling has been observed for hadron elliptic flow 𝑣2 in top energy nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the LHC, and this has been theoretically suggested as strong evidence for partonic collectivity. In this Letter, a systematic analysis of 𝑣2 of 𝜋±, 𝐾±, 𝐾$^{0}_{𝑆}$, 𝑝, and Λ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV, with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, is presented. NCQ scaling is markedly violated at 3.2 GeV, consistent with a hadronic-interaction dominated equation of state. However, as the collision energy increases, a gradual evolution to NCQ scaling is observed. This beam-energy dependence of 𝑣2 for all hadrons studied provides evidence for the onset of dominant partonic interactions by $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV.

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Title: Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC
Creators: B. E. Aboona - Texas A&M University
J. Adam - Czech Technical University in Prague
L. Adamczyk - AGH University of Krakow
I. Aggarwal - Panjab University
M. M. Aggarwal - Panjab University
Z. Ahammed - Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
A. K. Alshammri - Kent State University
E. C. Aschenauer - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Aslam - Fudan University
J. Atchison - Abilene Christian University
V. Bairathi - University of Tarapacá
X. Bao - Shandong University
K. Barish - University of California System
S. Behera - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
R. Bellwied - University of Houston
P. Bhagat - University of Jammu
A. Bhasin - University of Jammu
S. Bhatta - State University of New York
S. R. Bhosale - AGH University of Krakow
J. Bielcik - Czech Technical University in Prague
J. Bielcikova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
J. D. Brandenburg - The Ohio State University
C. Broodo - University of Houston
X. Z. Cai - Chinese Academy of Sciences
H. Caines - Yale University
M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez - University of California
D. Cebra - University of California System
J. Ceska - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. Chakaberia - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
P. Chaloupka - Czech Technical University in Prague
B. K. Chan - University of California
Z. Chang - Indiana University
A. Chatterjee - National Institute of Technology Durgapur
D. Chen - University of California System
J. Chen - Shandong University
J. H. Chen - Fudan University
Q. Chen - Guangxi Normal University
Z. Chen - Shandong University
J. Cheng - Tsinghua University
Y. Cheng - University of California System
W. Christie - Brookhaven National Laboratory
X. Chu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Corey - The Ohio State University
H. J. Crawford - University of California
M. Csanád - Eötvös Loránd University
G. Dale-Gau - University of Illinois Chicago
A. Das - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. M. Deppner - Heidelberg
A. Deshpande - State University of New York
A. Dhamija - Panjab University
A. Dimri - State University of New York
P. Dixit - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
X. Dong - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. L. Drachenberg - Abilene Christian University
E. Duckworth - Kent State University
J. C. Dunlop - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Engelage - University of California System
G. Eppley - Rice University
S. Esumi - University of Tsukuba
O. Evdokimov - University of Illinois Chicago
O. Eyser - Brookhaven National Laboratory
R. Fatemi - University of Kentucky
S. Fazio - University of Calabria
Y. Feng - Purdue University West Lafayette
E. Finch - Southern Connecticut State University
Y. Fisyak - Brookhaven National Laboratory
F. A. Flor - Yale University
C. Fu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. Fu - Shandong University
C. A. Gagliardi - Texas A&M University
T. Galatyuk - Technical University of Darmstadt
T. Gao - Shandong University
F. Geurts - Rice University
N. Ghimire - Temple College
A. Gibson - Valparaiso University
K. Gopal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
X. Gou - Shandong University
D. Grosnick - Valparaiso University
A. Gu - Huzhou University
A. Gupta - University of Jammu
A. Hamed - American University in Cairo
R. J. Hamilton - Yale University
X. Han - The Ohio State University
S. Harabasz - Technical University of Darmstadt
M. D. Harasty - University of California
J. W. Harris - Yale University
H. Harrison-Smith - University of Kentucky
L. B. Havener - Yale University
X. H. He - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. He - Shandong University
N. Herrmann - Heidelberg University
L. Holub - Czech Technical University in Prague
C. Hu - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Q. Hu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Hu - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
H. Huang - Academia Sinica
H. Z. Huang - University of California
S. L. Huang - State University of New York
T. Huang - University of Illinois Chicago
Y. Huang - Eötvös Loránd University
Y. Huang - Eötvös Loránd University
T. J. Humanic - The Ohio State University
M. Isshiki - University of Tsukuba
W. W. Jacobs - Indiana University
A. Jalotra - University of Jammu
C. Jena - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
A. Jentsch - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. Ji - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Jia
C. Jin - Rice University
N. Jindal - The Ohio State University
X. Ju - University of Science and Technology of China
E. G. Judd - University of California
S. Kabana - Universidad de Tarapacá
D. Kalinkin - University of Kentucky
K. Kang - Tsinghua University
D. Kapukchyan - University of California
K. Kauder - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Keane - Kent State University
M. Kesler - Kent State University
A. Khanal - Wayne State University
Y. V. Khyzhniak - The Ohio State University
D. P. Kikoła - Warsaw University of Technology
J. Kim - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Kincses - Eötvös Loránd University
I. Kisel - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
A. Kiselev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. G. Knospe - Lehigh University
J. Kołaś - Warsaw University of Technology
B. Korodi - The Ohio State University
L. K. Kosarzewski - The Ohio State University
L. Kumar - Panjab University
M. C. Labonte - University of California
R. Lacey - State University of New York
J. M. Landgraf - Brookhaven National Laboratory
C. Larson - University of Kentucky
J. Lauret - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. Lebedev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. H. Lee - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. H. Leung - Heidelberg
C. Li - Central China Normal University
D. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
H-S. Li - Purdue University
H. Li - Wuhan University of Science and Technology
H. Li - Guangxi Normal University
W. Li - Rice University
X. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Li - Tsinghua University
Z. Li - South China Normal University
Z. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Liang - University of California
Y. Liang - Kent State University
R. Licenik
T. Lin - Shandong University
Y. Lin - Guangxi Normal University
M. A. Lisa - The Ohio State University
C. Liu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
G. Liu - South China Normal University
H. Liu - Huzhou University
L. Liu - Central China Normal University] (ORCID:000000018052483X
Z. Liu - Central China Normal University
T. Ljubicic - Rice University
O. Lomicky - Czech Technical University in Prague
R. S. Longacre - Brookhaven National Laboratory
E. M. Loyd - University of California
T. Lu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
J. Luo - University of Science and Technology of China
X. F. Luo - Central China Normal University
L. Ma - Fudan University
R. Ma - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. G. Ma - Fudan University
N. Magdy - Texas Southern University
D. Mallick - Central China Normal University
R. Manikandhan - University of Houston
S. Margetis - Kent State University
C. Markert - University of Texas
O. Matonoha - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. Mezhanska - Czech Technical University in Prague
K. Mi - Central China Normal University
S. Mioduszewski - Texas A&M University
B. Mohanty - National Institute of Science Education and Research
B. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
M. M. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
I. Mooney - Yale University
J. Mrazkova
M. I. Nagy - Eötvös Loránd University
C. J. Naim - State University of New York
A. S. Nain - Panjab University
J. D. Nam - Temple University
M. Nasim - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
H. Nasrulloh - University of Science and Technology of China
D. Neff - University of California
J. M. Nelson - University of California
M. Nie - Shandong University
G. Nigmatkulov - University of Illinois Chicago
T. Niida - University of Tsukuba
T. Nonaka - University of Tsukuba
G. Odyniec - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ogawa - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Oh - Sejong University
K. Okubo - University of Tsukuba
B. S. Page - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Pal - Czech Technical University in Prague
A. Pandav - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Panday - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
A. K. Pandey - Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. Pani - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
A. Paul - University of California
S. Paul - State University of New York
D. Pawlowska - Warsaw University of Technology
C. Perkins - University of California
J. Pluta - Warsaw University of Technology
B. R. Pokhrel - Temple University
I. D. Ponce Pinto - Yale University
M. Posik - Temple University
E. Pottebaum - Yale University
S. Prodhan - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
T. L. Protzman - Lehigh University
A. Prozorov - Czech Technical University in Prague
V. Prozorova - Czech Technical University in Prague
N. K. Pruthi - Panjab University
M. Przybycien - AGH University of Krakow
J. Putschke - Wayne State University
Z. Qin - Tsinghua University
H. Qiu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
C. Racz - University of California
S. K. Radhakrishnan - Kent State University
A. Rana - Panjab University
R. L. Ray - University of Texas
R. Reed - Lehigh University
C. W. Robertson - Purdue University
M. Robotkova
M. A. Rosales Aguilar - University of Kentucky
D. Roy - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
P. Roy Chowdhury - Warsaw University of Technology
L. Ruan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. K. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
N. R. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
H. Sako - University of Tsukuba
S. Salur - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
S. S. Sambyal - University of Jammu
J. K. Sandhu - Lehigh University
S. Sato - University of Tsukuba
B. C. Schaefer - Lehigh University
N. Schmitz - Max
F-J. Seck - Technische Universität Darmstadt
J. Seger - Creighton University
R. Seto - University of California
P. Seyboth - Max
N. Shah - Indian Institute Technology
P. V. Shanmuganathan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
T. Shao - Fudan University
M. Sharma - University of Jammu
N. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
R. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
S. R. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
A. I. Sheikh - Kent State University
D. Shen - Shandong University
D. Y. Shen - Chinese Academy of Sciences
K. Shen - University of Science and Technology of China
S. Shi - Central China Normal University] (ORCID:0000000320320848
Y. Shi - Shandong University
F. Si - University of Science and Technology of China
J. Singh - Universidad de Tarapacá
S. Singha - Chinese Academy of Sciences
P. Sinha - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati
M. J. Skoby
N. Smirnov - Yale University
Y. Söhngen - Heidelberg
Y. Song - Yale University
T. D. S. Stanislaus - Valparaiso University
M. Stefaniak - The Ohio State University
Y. Su - University of Science and Technology of China
M. Sumbera - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
X. Sun - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Sun - University of Science and Technology of China
B. Surrow - Temple University
M. Svoboda
Z. W. Sweger - University of California
A. C. Tamis - Yale University
A. H. Tang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Z. Tang - University of Science and Technology of China
T. Tarnowsky - Michigan State University
J. H. Thomas - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. R. Timmins - University of Houston
D. Tlusty - Creighton University
T. Todoroki - University of Tsukuba
D. Torres Valladares - Rice University
S. Trentalange - University of California
P. Tribedy - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. K. Tripathy - Warsaw University of Technology
T. Truhlar - Czech Technical University in Prague
B. A. Trzeciak - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. D. Tsai
C. Y. Tsang
Z. Tu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Tyler - Texas A&M University
T. Ullrich - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. G. Underwood
G. Van Buren - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Vanek - Brookhaven National Laboratory
I. Vassiliev - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
F. Videbæk - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. A. Voloshin - Wayne State University
F. Wang - Purdue University
G. Wang - University of California
G. Wang - Central China Normal University
J. S. Wang - Huzhou University
J. Wang - Shandong University
K. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Wang - Shandong University
Y. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Wang - Central China Normal University
Y. Wang - Tsinghua University
Z. Wang - Shandong University
A. J. Watroba - AGH University of Krakow
J. C. Webb - Brookhaven National Laboratory
P. C. Weidenkaff - Heidelberg
G. D. Westfall - Michigan State University
D. Wielanek - Warsaw University of Technology
H. Wieman - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
G. Wilks - University of Illinois Chicago
S. W. Wissink - Indiana University
R. Witt - United States Naval Academy
C. P. Wong - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Wu - Central China Normal University
J. Wu - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Wu - University of California
X. Wu - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Wu - Central China Normal University
B. Xi - Fudan University
Z. G. Xiao - Tsinghua University
G. Xie - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. Xie - Purdue University
H. Xu - Huzhou University
N. Xu - Central China Normal University
Q. H. Xu - Shandong University
Y. Xu - Shandong University
Y. Xu - Central China Normal University
Z. Xu - Kent State University
Z. Xu - Argonne National Laboratory
G. Yan - Shandong University
Z. Yan - State University of New York
C. Yang - Shandong University
Q. Yang - Shandong University
S. Yang - South China Normal University
Y. Yang
Z. Ye - South China Normal University
Z. Ye - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Yi - Shandong University
Y. Yu - Shandong University
H. Zbroszczyk - Warsaw University of Technology
W. Zha - University of Science and Technology of China
C. Zhang - Fudan University
D. Zhang - South China Normal University
J. Zhang - Shandong University
S. Zhang - Chongqing University
W. Zhang - South China Normal University
X. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Zhang - Shandong University
Y. Zhang - Guangxi Normal University
Z. Zhang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Z. Zhang - University of Illinois Chicago
F. Zhao - Lanzhou University
J. Zhao - Fudan University
M. Zhao - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Zhou - Central China Normal University
Y. Zhou - Central China Normal University
X. Zhu - Tsinghua University
M. Zurek
M. Zyzak - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (United States)
Publication Details: Physical review letters, Vol.135(7)
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Identifiers: 991006234139902656
Academic Unit: Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

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