Quantifying the fatal and non-fatal burden of disease associated with child growth failure, 2000–2023: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Troeger Christopher E; Michael Benjamin Arndt; Hasan Aalruz; Meriem Abdoun; Auwal Abdullahi; Mesfin Abebe; Armita Abedi; Alemwork Abie; Richard Gyan Aboagye; Hassan Abolhassani; Yonas Derso Abtew; Ahmed Abu-Zaid; Lawan Hassan Adamu; Mesafint Molla Adane; Isaac Yeboah Addo; Oyelola A Adegboye; Victor Adekanmbi; Juliana Bunmi Adetunji; Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani; Leticia Akua Adzigbli; Muhammad Sohail Afzal; Saira Afzal; Navidha Aggarwal; Aqeel Ahmad; Muayyad M Ahmad; Sajjad Ahmad; Elham Ahmadi; Ayman Ahmed; Haroon Ahmed; Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed; Mushood Ahmed; Marjan Ajami; Budi Aji; Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan; Omar Al Omari; Mohammad Khursheed Alam; Mohammed Albashtawy; Fentahun Alemnew; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Mohammed Usman Ali; Rafat Ali; Syed Shujait Ali; Waad Ali; Joseph Uy Almazan; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Mohammed A Alsabri; Najim Z Alshahrani; Awais Altaf; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Mohammad Al-Wardat; Hany Aly; Dickson A Amugsi; Abhishek Anil; Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh; Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa; Saeid Anvari; Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor; Jalal Arabloo; Aleksandr Y Aravkin; Demelash Areda; Mahwish Arooj; Anton A Artamonov; Ashokan Arumugam; Nurila Aryntayeva; Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari; Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout; Amlaku Mulat Aweke; Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe; Asteray Assmie Ayenew; Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw; Shahkaar Aziz; Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu; Ruhai Bai; Jennifer L Baker; Wondu Feyisa Balcha; Palash Chandra Banik; Mainak Bardhan; Amadou Barrow; Shahid Bashir; Afisu Basiru; Quique Bassat; Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan; Priyamadhaba Behera; Michelle L Bell; Maryam Bemanalizadeh; Ajeet Singh Bhadoria; Sonu Bhaskar; Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee; Jasvinder Singh Bhatti; Catherine Bisignano; Bijit Biswas; Trupti Bodhare; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Sri Harsha Boppana; Angelo Capodici; Rama Mohan Chandika; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Anis Ahmad Chaudhary; Moges Sisay Chekole; Hana Chen; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Sonali Gajanan Choudhari; Isaac Sunday Chukwu; Erin Chung; Natalia Cruz-Martins; Alanna Gomes da Silva; Tukur Dahiru; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Samuel Demissie Darcho; Amira Hamed Darwish; Fernando Pio De la Hoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu; Devananda Devegowda; Adriana Dima; Thanh Chi Do; Robert Kokou Dowou; Angel Belle Cheng Dy; Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy; Marwa Eldegwi; Muhammed Elhadi; Legesse Tesfaye Elilo; Iman El Sayed; Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi; Marta Figueiredo; Florian Fischer; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Amin Fraij; Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin; Lemma Getacher; Genanew K Getahun; Maryam Gholamalizadeh; Nora M Gilbertson; Alem Abera Girmay; Mahaveer Golechha; Dinorah Gonzalez-Castell; Michal Grivna; Shi-Yang Guan; Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari; Damitha Asanga Gunawardane; Zhifeng Guo; Bhawna Gupta; Rajat Das Gupta; Demewoz Haile; Nadia M Hamdy; Alexis J Handal; Nasrin Hanifi; Habtamu Endashaw Hareru; Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Ikrama Hassan; Simon I Hay; Khezar Hayat; Jiawei He; Behzad Heibati; Austin Heuer; Kamal Hezam; Ramesh Holla; Md Sabbir Hossain; Hassan Hosseinzadeh; Sorin Hostiuc; Tanvir M Huda; Javid Hussain; Dursa Hussein; Hong-Han Huynh; Bing-Fang Hwang; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Mustapha Immurana; Teresa R Iskander; Md Rabiul Islam; Md Sahidul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Louis Jacob; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Shubha Jayaram; Achala Upendra Jayatilleke; Wenyi Jin; Alex Joseph; Nitin Joseph; Ali Kabir; Vidya Kadashetti; Dler H. Hussein Kadir; Sanjay Kalra; Arun Kamireddy; Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi; Rami S Kantar; Faizan Zaffar Kashoo; Gbenga A Kayode; Shemsu Kedir; Tibebeselassie S Keflie; Ajmal Khan; Maseer Khan; Vishnu Khanal; Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi; Khaled Khatab; Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh; Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib; Feriha Fatima Khidri; Kwanghyun Kim; Min Seo Kim; Adnan Kisa; Farzad Kompani; Isaac Koomson; Kewal Krishan; Mukhtar Kulimbet; Dewesh Kumar; G Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Vijay Kumar; Almagul Kurmanova; Maria Dyah Kurniasari; Dian Kusuma; Chandrakant Lahariya; Kamaluddin Latief; Minh Huu Nhat Le; Nhi Huu Hanh Le; Sang-woong Lee; Seung Won Lee; Yo Han Lee; Virendra S Ligade; Stephen S Lim; Jialing Lin; Jue Liu; Xuefeng Liu; Rakesh Lodha; José Francisco López-Gil; Surbala Devi Lourembam; Zheng Feei Ma; Mahmoud Mabrok; Kashish Malhotra; Ahmad Azam Malik; Vahid Mansouri; Emmanuel Manu; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; Roy Rillera Marzo; Sammer Marzouk; Medha Mathur; Rita Mattiello; Rishi P Mediratta; Riffat Mehboob; Kala M Mehta; Tesfahun Mekene Meto; Tomislav Mestrovic; Sachith Mettananda; Tomasz Miazgowski; Giuseppe Minervini; Mojgan Mirghafourvand; Andreea Mirica; Jama Mohamed; Nouh Saad Mohamed; Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Shafiu Mohammed; Ali H Mokdad; Lorenzo Monasta; Mohammad Ali Moni; Sumaira Mubarik; Sumoni Mukherjee; Sileshi Mulatu; Francesk Mulita; Christopher J L Murray; Ghulam Mustafa; Ayoub Nafei; Ganesh R Naik; Zuhair S Natto; Javaid Nauman; Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna; Biswa Prakash Nayak; Amanuel Tebabal Nega; Samata Nepal; Henok Biresaw Netsere; Georges Nguefack-Tsague; Dang Nguyen; The Phuong Nguyen; Robina Khan Niazi; Ali Nikoobar; Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi; Shuhei Nomura; Mehran Nouri; Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi; Dieta Nurrika; Sylvester Dodzi Nyadanu; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam; Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam; Ismail A Odetokun; Hassan Okati-Aliabad; Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle; Osaretin Christabel Okonji; Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Amel Ouyahia; Mahesh P; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Anca Pantea Stoian; Romil R Parikh; Jay Patel; Shankargouda Patil; Shrikant Pawar; Gavin Pereira; Arokiasamy Perianayagam; Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha; Hoang Nhat Pham; Hoang Tran Pham; My Kieu Phan; Jalandhar Pradhan; Pranil Man Singh Pradhan; Akila Prashant; Jagadeesh Puvvula; Ibrahim Qattea; Pankaja Raghav; Md. Mosfequr Rahman; Mosiur Rahman; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Masoud Rahmati; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Ivano Raimondo; Sathish Rajaa; Rayan Rajabi; Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan; Chitra Ramasamy; Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Chythra R Rao; Sowmya J Rao; Davide Rasella; Mamunur Rashid; Devarajan Rathish; Santosh Kumar Rauniyar; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Nazila Rezaei; Mohsen Rezaeian; Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez; Peter Rohloff; Debby Syahru Romadlon; Bedanta Roy; Shubhanjali Roy; Cameron John Sabet; Kabir P Sadarangani; Basema Ahmad Saddik; Umar Saeed; Amene Saghazadeh; Dominic Sagoe; Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo; Yoseph Leonardo Samodra; Abdallah M Samy; Rama Krishna Sanjeev; Senthilkumar Sankararaman; Milena M Santric-Milicevic; Jacob Owusu Sarfo; Yaser Sarikhani; Tanmay Sarkar; Gargi Sachin Sarode; Sachin C Sarode; Benn Sartorius; Jennifer Saulam; Monika Sawhney; Ganesh Kumar Saya; Christophe Schinckus; Art Schuermans; Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie; Subramanian Senthilkumaran; Yashendra Sethi; Allen Seylani; Shazlin Shaharudin; Samiah Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Sunder Sham; Muhammad Aaqib Shamim; Mohd Shanawaz; Mohammed Shannawaz; Nigussie Tadesse Sharew; Vishal Sharma; Pavanchand H Shetty; Aminu Shittu; Ivy Shiue; Seyed Afshin Shorofi; Emmanuel Edwar Siddig; Mithun Sikdar; Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva; Harmanjit Singh; Jasvinder A Singh; Kalpana Singh; Surjit Singh; Shipra Solanki; Mansi Soni; Reed J D Sorensen; Muhammad Suleman; Desy Sulistiyorini; Chandan Kumar Swain; Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei; Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh; Mohammad Tabish; Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi; Birhan Tsegaw Taye; Wegayehu Zeneb Teklehaimanot; Abainash Tekola; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Rekha Thapar; Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu; Tenaw Yimer Tiruye; Mariya Vladimirovna Titova; Sojit Tomo; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Quynh Thuy Huong Tran; Thang Huu Tran; Nguyen Tran Minh Duc; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Abdul Rohim Tualeka; Saeed Ullah; Shahid Ullah; Muhammad Umair; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; Era Upadhyay; Jibrin Sammani Usman; Jef Van den Eynde; Siavash Vaziri; Balachandar Vellingiri; Vasily Vlassov; Gebeyaw Biset Wagaw; Yanzhong Wang; Felicia Wu; Hong Xiao; Vikas Yadav; Galal Yahya; Dong Keon Yon; Naohiro Yonemoto; Chuanhua Yu; Sojib Bin Zaman; Iman Zare; Michael Zastrozhin; Mohammed G M Zeariya; Salih M Mustafa Salih Zebari; Claire Chenwen Zhong; Nicholas J Kassebaum; Robert C Reiner

doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00303-7

Journal article

Quantifying the fatal and non-fatal burden of disease associated with child growth failure, 2000–2023: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Troeger Christopher E, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Hasan Aalruz, Meriem Abdoun, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Armita Abedi, Alemwork Abie, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, …

pp.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00303-http://dx.doi.org/7

01/31/2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00303-7

Abstract

child growth failure

BackgroundChild growth failure (CGF), which includes underweight, wasting, and stunting, is among the factors most strongly associated with mortality and morbidity in children younger than 5 years worldwide. Poor height and bodyweight gain arise from a variety of biological and sociodemographic factors and are associated with increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 to estimate CGF prevalence, the risk of infectious diseases associated with CGF, and the disease mortality, morbidity, and overall burden associated with CGF. MethodsIn this analysis we estimated the all-cause and cause-specific (diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infections, malaria, and measles) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost and mortality associated with stunting, wasting, underweight, and CGF in aggregate. We combined the burden associated with mild, moderate, and severe forms of CGF: stunting was defined as height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) less than –1, underweight was defined as weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ) less than –1, and wasting was defined as weight-for-height Z scores (WHZ) less than –1, according to WHO Child Growth Standards. Population-level continuous distributions of HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ were estimated for 2000 to 2023 using data from surveys, literature, and individual-level study data. The risk of incidence of, and mortality due to, diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, malaria, and measles was separately estimated in a meta-regression framework from longitudinal cohort data for Z scores less than –1. Finally, fatal outcomes associated with these diseases were estimated with vital registration, verbal autopsy, and case-fatality data, while non-fatal outcomes were estimated with surveys as well as health-care utilisation and case reporting data. The exposure prevalence and relative risk estimates were from continuous distributions, allowing for direct assessment of the attributable fractions for mild, moderate, and severe stunting, underweight, wasting, and the combined impact of child growth failure within populations. All estimates were age-specific, sex-specific, geography-specific, and year-specific. FindingsWe estimated that, in children younger than 5 years in 2023, CGF was associated with 79·4 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 47·0–106) DALYs lost and 880 000 (517 000–1 170 000) deaths. This represented 17·9% (10·6–23·8) of 444 million (434–457) total under-5 DALYs and 18·8% (11·1–25·0) of all 4·67 million (4·59–4·75) under-5 deaths. Compared to stunting (33·0 million [24·1–42·2] DALYs, 373 000 [272 000–477 000] deaths) and wasting (39·2 million [23·8–53·0] DALYs, 428 000 [256 000–583 000] deaths), childhood underweight was associated with the largest share of CGF-related disease burden: 52·2 million (21·9–75·1) DALYs and 573 000 (236 000–824 000) deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2023. InterpretationCGF remains a leading factor associated with death and disability in children younger than 5 years, despite global attention and focused interventions to reduce the prevalence of associated CGF indicators. Our findings underscore the need for policies, strategies, and interventions that focus on all indicators of CGF to reduce its associated health burden. FundingGates Foundation.

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Title: Quantifying the fatal and non-fatal burden of disease associated with child growth failure, 2000–2023: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Creators: Troeger Christopher E
Michael Benjamin Arndt - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Hasan Aalruz - Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan
Meriem Abdoun - Centre Hospito Universitaire de Sétif
Auwal Abdullahi - Bayero University Kano
Mesfin Abebe - Dilla University
Armita Abedi - Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Alemwork Abie - Bahir Dar University
Richard Gyan Aboagye - UNSW Sydney
Hassan Abolhassani - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Yonas Derso Abtew - Arba Minch University
Ahmed Abu-Zaid - Alfaisal University
Lawan Hassan Adamu - Federal University Dutse
Mesafint Molla Adane - Bahir Dar University
Isaac Yeboah Addo - The University of Sydney
Oyelola A Adegboye - Charles Darwin University
Victor Adekanmbi - The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Juliana Bunmi Adetunji - Osun State University
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - Padjadjaran University
Leticia Akua Adzigbli - University of Health and Allied Sciences
Muhammad Sohail Afzal
Saira Afzal - King Edward Medical University
Navidha Aggarwal - Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana
Aqeel Ahmad - Shaqra University
Muayyad M Ahmad - University of Jordan
Sajjad Ahmad - Abasyn University
Elham Ahmadi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ayman Ahmed - University of Khartoum
Haroon Ahmed - COMSATS University Islamabad
Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed - Rawalpindi Medical University
Mushood Ahmed - Rawalpindi Medical University
Marjan Ajami - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Budi Aji - Jenderal Soedirman University
Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan - Washington University in St. Louis
Omar Al Omari - Sultan Qaboos University
Mohammad Khursheed Alam - Jouf University
Mohammed Albashtawy - Al al-Bayt University
Fentahun Alemnew - Bahir Dar University
Ayman Al-Eyadhy - King Saud University
Mohammed Usman Ali - University of Maiduguri
Rafat Ali - Jamia Millia Islamia
Syed Shujait Ali - University of Swat
Waad Ali - Sultan Qaboos University
Joseph Uy Almazan - Nazarbayev University
Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi - National University of Singapore
Mohammed A Alsabri - Sana'a University
Najim Z Alshahrani - University of Jeddah
Awais Altaf - University of Lahore
Nelson Alvis-Guzman - University of Cartagena
Mohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and Technology
Hany Aly - Cleveland Clinic
Dickson A Amugsi - African Population and Health Research Center
Abhishek Anil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar
Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh - Bahir Dar University
Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa - University of Medical Sciences, Ondo
Saeid Anvari - Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Charles Sturt University
Jalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Aleksandr Y Aravkin - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Demelash Areda - Ottawa University
Mahwish Arooj - University of Lahore
Anton A Artamonov - Institute of Biomedical Problems
Ashokan Arumugam - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Nurila Aryntayeva - Kazakh National Medical University
Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari - Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout
Amlaku Mulat Aweke - Bahir Dar University
Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe - Bayero University Kano
Asteray Assmie Ayenew - Bahir Dar University
Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw - Flinders University
Shahkaar Aziz - The University of Agriculture, Peshawar
Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu - Qatar University
Ruhai Bai - Nanjing Children's Hospital
Jennifer L Baker - Frederiksberg Hospital
Wondu Feyisa Balcha - Bahir Dar University
Palash Chandra Banik - Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
Mainak Bardhan - University of Miami
Amadou Barrow - University of the Gambia
Shahid Bashir - University of Lahore
Afisu Basiru - University of Ilorin
Quique Bassat - Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan
Priyamadhaba Behera - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar
Michelle L Bell - Yale University
Maryam Bemanalizadeh - Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Ajeet Singh Bhadoria - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh
Sonu Bhaskar - National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee - University of Newcastle Australia
Jasvinder Singh Bhatti - Central University of Punjab
Catherine Bisignano - University of Washington
Bijit Biswas - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar
Trupti Bodhare - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Srinivasa Rao Bolla - Nazarbayev University
Sri Harsha Boppana - Johns Hopkins University
Angelo Capodici - Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
Rama Mohan Chandika - Jazan University
Vijay Kumar Chattu - Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research
Anis Ahmad Chaudhary - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University
Moges Sisay Chekole - Debre Berhan University
Hana Chen - Curtin University Sarawak
Daniel Youngwhan Cho - University of Wisconsin–Madison
Sonali Gajanan Choudhari - Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
Isaac Sunday Chukwu - Federal Medical Centre
Erin Chung - University of Washington
Natalia Cruz-Martins
Alanna Gomes da Silva - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Tukur Dahiru - Ahmadu Bello University
Xiaochen Dai
Lalit Dandona - University of Washington
Rakhi Dandona - University of Washington
Samuel Demissie Darcho - Haramaya University
Amira Hamed Darwish - Tanta University
Fernando Pio De la Hoz - Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
Devananda Devegowda - JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Adriana Dima - Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Thanh Chi Do
Robert Kokou Dowou - University of Health and Allied Sciences
Angel Belle Cheng Dy - London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy - Tanta University
Marwa Eldegwi - Kafrelsheikh University
Muhammed Elhadi - Houston Methodist
Legesse Tesfaye Elilo - Wachemo University
Iman El Sayed - Alexandria University
Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi - Morehouse School of Medicine
Marta Figueiredo - Escola Superior de Saúde do Alcoitão
Florian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov - Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Amin Fraij - University of Sharjah
Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin - Edith Cowan University
Lemma Getacher - Debre Berhan University
Genanew K Getahun - Menelik II Medical and Health Science College
Maryam Gholamalizadeh - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Nora M Gilbertson - University of Washington
Alem Abera Girmay - Aksum University
Mahaveer Golechha - Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
Dinorah Gonzalez-Castell - National Institute of Public Health
Michal Grivna - United Arab Emirates University
Shi-Yang Guan
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari - University of Sulaimani
Damitha Asanga Gunawardane - University of Peradeniya
Zhifeng Guo - Nanyang Institute of Technology
Bhawna Gupta - Torrens University Australia
Rajat Das Gupta
Demewoz Haile - University of Washington
Nadia M Hamdy
Alexis J Handal - University of Michigan
Nasrin Hanifi - Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Habtamu Endashaw Hareru - Dilla University
Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has - Airlangga University
Ahmed I Hasaballah - Al-Azhar University
Ikrama Hassan - Federal University Lafia
Simon I Hay - University of Washington
Khezar Hayat - University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Jiawei He - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Behzad Heibati - University of Alberta
Austin Heuer - University of Washington
Kamal Hezam - Taiz University
Ramesh Holla - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Md Sabbir Hossain - Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Hassan Hosseinzadeh - University of Wollongong
Sorin Hostiuc - Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Tanvir M Huda - The University of Sydney
Javid Hussain - University of Nizwa
Dursa Hussein - Improvement Service
Hong-Han Huynh - Taipei Medical University
Bing-Fang Hwang
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of Ibadan
Mustapha Immurana - University of Health and Allied Sciences
Teresa R Iskander
Md Rabiul Islam - BRAC University
Md Sahidul Islam - Clinical Research Organization
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Deakin University
Louis Jacob - Université Paris Cité
Mihajlo Jakovljevic - The World Academy of Sciences
Shubha Jayaram - Government Medical College
Achala Upendra Jayatilleke - Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
Wenyi Jin - Wuhan University
Alex Joseph - SRM Dental College
Nitin Joseph - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Ali Kabir - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Vidya Kadashetti - Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
Dler H. Hussein Kadir - Salahaddin University-Erbil
Sanjay Kalra - Bharti Hospital
Arun Kamireddy - Johns Hopkins University
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Rami S Kantar - NYU Langone Health
Faizan Zaffar Kashoo - Majmaah University
Gbenga A Kayode - Institute of Human Virology
Shemsu Kedir - Kotebe University of Education
Tibebeselassie S Keflie - University of Hohenheim
Ajmal Khan - University of Nizwa
Maseer Khan - Jazan University
Vishnu Khanal - Menzies School of Health Research
Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Khaled Khatab - Ohio University
Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh - Yarmouk University
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib - Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research
Feriha Fatima Khidri - Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
Kwanghyun Kim - Creighton University
Min Seo Kim - Massachusetts General Hospital
Adnan Kisa
Farzad Kompani - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Isaac Koomson - The University of Queensland
Kewal Krishan - University of Groningen
Mukhtar Kulimbet - Panjab University
Dewesh Kumar - Kazakh National Medical University
G Anil Kumar - Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences
Nithin Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
Vijay Kumar - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Almagul Kurmanova - Manipal Hospital
Maria Dyah Kurniasari - Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Dian Kusuma - Satya Wacana Christian University
Chandrakant Lahariya - Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Kamaluddin Latief - Public Health Foundation of India
Minh Huu Nhat Le
Nhi Huu Hanh Le - Taipei Medical University
Sang-woong Lee - Merrill
Seung Won Lee - Sungkyunkwan University
Yo Han Lee - Gachon University
Virendra S Ligade - Korea University
Stephen S Lim - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Jialing Lin - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Jue Liu - UNSW Sydney
Xuefeng Liu - Peking University
Rakesh Lodha - Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
José Francisco López-Gil - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Surbala Devi Lourembam
Zheng Feei Ma
Mahmoud Mabrok - University of the West of England
Kashish Malhotra - Sinai University
Ahmad Azam Malik - University of Birmingham
Vahid Mansouri - King Abdulaziz University
Emmanuel Manu - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Melvin Barrientos Marzan - University of Health and Allied Sciences
Roy Rillera Marzo
Sammer Marzouk - Curtin University Sarawak
Medha Mathur - Northwestern University
Rita Mattiello - Rabindranath Tagore Medical College
Rishi P Mediratta - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Riffat Mehboob - Stanford Medicine
Kala M Mehta - CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Tomislav Mestrovic - Arba Minch University
Sachith Mettananda - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Tomasz Miazgowski - Colombo North Teaching Hospital
Giuseppe Minervini - Pomeranian Medical University
Mojgan Mirghafourvand
Andreea Mirica - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Jama Mohamed - Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Nouh Saad Mohamed - University of Hargeisa
Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi - Statistical Research
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Shafiu Mohammed - Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Ali H Mokdad - Heidelberg University
Lorenzo Monasta - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Mohammad Ali Moni - IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo
Sumaira Mubarik - The University of Queensland
Sumoni Mukherjee - Wuhan University
Sileshi Mulatu - Oldham Council
Francesk Mulita - Bahir Dar University
Christopher J L Murray - General University Hospital of Patras
Ghulam Mustafa - University of Washington
Ayoub Nafei - Shaqra University
Ganesh R Naik - Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research
Zuhair S Natto - Flinders University
Javaid Nauman - Harvard University
Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Biswa Prakash Nayak - University of Colombo
Amanuel Tebabal Nega - Amity University
Samata Nepal - Bahir Dar University
Henok Biresaw Netsere - Lumbini Medical College
Georges Nguefack-Tsague - University of Gondar
Dang Nguyen - Université de Yaoundé I
The Phuong Nguyen
Robina Khan Niazi - Hitotsubashi University
Ali Nikoobar - International Islamic University, Islamabad
Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Shuhei Nomura - Teesside University
Mehran Nouri - Tohoku University
Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi - Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Dieta Nurrika - Nnamdi Azikiwe University
Sylvester Dodzi Nyadanu - Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education
Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam - Curtin University
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam - University of Benin
Ismail A Odetokun - University of Benin
Hassan Okati-Aliabad - University of Ilorin
Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle - Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
Osaretin Christabel Okonji - University of Ibadan
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya - University of the Western Cape
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya - Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu - Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
Amel Ouyahia - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Mahesh P
Jagadish Rao Padubidri - University of Washington
Anca Pantea Stoian
Romil R Parikh - Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Jay Patel - University of Minnesota
Shankargouda Patil - University of Leeds
Shrikant Pawar - Roseman University of Health Sciences
Gavin Pereira - Yale University
Arokiasamy Perianayagam - Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha - Qatar University
Hoang Nhat Pham - University of Glasgow
Hoang Tran Pham - Mayo Clinic in Arizona
My Kieu Phan
Jalandhar Pradhan - Can Tho University
Pranil Man Singh Pradhan - National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Akila Prashant - Tribhuvan University
Jagadeesh Puvvula - JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Ibrahim Qattea - University of Pennsylvania
Pankaja Raghav - Case Western Reserve University
Md. Mosfequr Rahman - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur
Mosiur Rahman - University of Rajshahi
Muhammad Aziz Rahman - La Trobe University
Amir Masoud Rahmani - La Trobe University
Masoud Rahmati - National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Ivano Raimondo - Mahidol University
Sathish Rajaa - University of Sassari
Rayan Rajabi - Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital
Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Chitra Ramasamy - Mansoura University
Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy - Siddhartha Medical College
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat - Stanford University
Chythra R Rao - Planetary Science Institute
Sowmya J Rao - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Davide Rasella - MNR Dental College and Hospital
Mamunur Rashid - Universidade Federal da Bahia
Devarajan Rathish - University of Gävle
Santosh Kumar Rauniyar - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
David Laith Rawaf - The University of Tokyo
Salman Rawaf - Imperial College London
Nazila Rezaei
Mohsen Rezaeian - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva
Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
Peter Rohloff - University of Warwick
Debby Syahru Romadlon - Harvard Global Health Institute
Bedanta Roy - Chulalongkorn University
Shubhanjali Roy - Quest International University Perak
Cameron John Sabet - Indian Institute of Public Administration
Kabir P Sadarangani - Georgetown University
Basema Ahmad Saddik - Universidad Autónoma de Chile
Umar Saeed - Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Amene Saghazadeh - Near East University
Dominic Sagoe - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
Amirhossein Sahebkar - University of Sharjah
Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo - Saveetha University
Yoseph Leonardo Samodra - Utkal University
Abdallah M Samy - Universitas Merdeka Malang
Rama Krishna Sanjeev - Ain Shams University
Senthilkumar Sankararaman - SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Milena M Santric-Milicevic - Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
Jacob Owusu Sarfo - University of Belgrade
Yaser Sarikhani - University of Cape Coast
Tanmay Sarkar - Jahrom University
Gargi Sachin Sarode - West Bengal State Council of Technical Education
Sachin C Sarode - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune
Benn Sartorius - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune
Jennifer Saulam - University of Washington
Monika Sawhney - Karnataka State Women's University
Ganesh Kumar Saya - University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Christophe Schinckus
Art Schuermans - University of the Fraser Valley
Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie - KU Leuven
Subramanian Senthilkumaran - Curtin University
Yashendra Sethi
Allen Seylani - Swami Vivekanand Subharti University
Shazlin Shaharudin - National Institutes of Health
Samiah Shahid - Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
Masood Ali Shaikh - University of Lahore
Sunder Sham
Muhammad Aaqib Shamim - Northwell Health
Mohd Shanawaz - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur
Mohammed Shannawaz - Jazan University
Nigussie Tadesse Sharew - Institute of Public Health Bengaluru
Vishal Sharma
Pavanchand H Shetty - Panjab University
Aminu Shittu - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Ivy Shiue - Usmanu Danfodiyo University
Seyed Afshin Shorofi - University of Oulu
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig - Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mithun Sikdar - Erasmus University Rotterdam
Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva
Harmanjit Singh - University of Beira Interior
Jasvinder A Singh
Kalpana Singh
Surjit Singh - Hamad Medical Corporation
Shipra Solanki - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur
Mansi Soni
Reed J D Sorensen - Charotar University of Science and Technology
Muhammad Suleman - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Desy Sulistiyorini - Xiamen University
Chandan Kumar Swain - University of Indonesia
Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei - Utkal University
Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh
Mohammad Tabish - Islamic Azad University, Mashhad
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi - Shaqra University
Birhan Tsegaw Taye - Stellenbosch University
Wegayehu Zeneb Teklehaimanot - Debre Berhan University
Abainash Tekola - Debre Berhan University
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Rekha Thapar - King Saud University
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Tenaw Yimer Tiruye - Sam Ratulangi University
Mariya Vladimirovna Titova
Sojit Tomo - Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur
Quynh Thuy Huong Tran - Saveetha University
Thang Huu Tran - Kansai Medical University
Nguyen Tran Minh Duc
Aristidis Tsatsakis - Pham Van Dong University
Abdul Rohim Tualeka - University of Crete
Saeed Ullah - University of Surabaya
Shahid Ullah - University of Houston
Muhammad Umair - University of Houston
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan - University of Management and Technology
Era Upadhyay - Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Jibrin Sammani Usman
Jef Van den Eynde - Bayero University Kano
Siavash Vaziri - KU Leuven
Balachandar Vellingiri - Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Vasily Vlassov - Bharathiar University
Gebeyaw Biset Wagaw
Yanzhong Wang - Wollo University
Felicia Wu - King's College London
Hong Xiao - Michigan State University
Vikas Yadav - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Galal Yahya - ICMR National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
Dong Keon Yon - Zagazig University
Naohiro Yonemoto - Kyung Hee University
Chuanhua Yu - Juntendo University
Sojib Bin Zaman
Iman Zare - James Madison University
Michael Zastrozhin
Mohammed G M Zeariya - Institute of State Administration
Salih M Mustafa Salih Zebari - University of Ha'il
Claire Chenwen Zhong - Salahaddin University-Erbil
Nicholas J Kassebaum - Hong Kong Jockey Club
Robert C Reiner - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Publication Details: pp.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00303-http://dx.doi.org/7
Identifiers: 991006249619902656
Academic Unit: Clinical Research and Public Health
Language: Arabic
Resource Type: Journal article