Abstract
Hormones acting through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can cause androgen-independent activation of androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer cells. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, through their GTPase activating protein (GAP) activities, inhibit GPCR-mediated signaling by inactivating G proteins. Here, we identified RGS2 as a gene specifically downregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Expression of RGS2, but not other RGS proteins, abolished androgen-independent AR activity in androgen-independent LNCaP cells and CWR22Rv1 cells. In LNCaP cells, RGS2 inhibited Gq-coupled GPCR signaling. Expression of exogenous wild-type RGS2, but not its GAP-deficient mutant, significantly reduced AR activation by constitutively activated GqQ209L mutant whereas silencing endogenous RGS2 by siRNA enhanced GqQ209L-stimulated AR activity. RGS2 had no effect on RGS-insensitive GqQ209L/G188S-induced AR activation. Furthermore, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was found to be involved in RGS2-mediated regulation of androgen-independent AR activity. In addition, RGS2 functioned as a growth suppressor for androgen-independent LNCaP cells whereas androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells with RGS2 silencing had a growth advantage under steroid-reduced conditions. Finally, RGS2 expression level was significantly decreased in human prostate tumor specimens. Taken together, our results suggest RGS2 as a novel regulator of AR signaling and its repression may be an important step during prostate tumorigenesis and progression.