Abstract
Amid mounting threats to religious liberty in the United States, the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, upholding the ministerial exception, stands out as something of a counterweight. In addition, Hosanna-Tabor raises potentially significant issues for Catholic colleges and universities in particular as they seek to maintain their missions and identities in asserting the ministerial exception. Thus, this article explores the interplay between the ministerial exception, Hosanna-Tabor, and Ex Corde Ecclesiae, a papal pronouncement that requires Roman Catholic theologians at Catholic institutions of higher learning to receive a mandatum from their local bishops, essentially a license that their scholarship and teaching are consistent with Church doctrine before they can assume their jobs.