Temperature measurement of Quark-Gluon plasma at different stages

B. E. Aboona; J. Adam; L. Adamczyk; I. Aggarwal; M. M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; A. K. Alshammri; E. C. Aschenauer; S. Aslam; J. Atchison; V. Bairathi; X. Bao; K. Barish; S. Behera; R. Bellwied; P. Bhagat; A. Bhasin; S. Bhatta; S. R. Bhosale; J. Bielcik; J. Bielcikova; J. D. Brandenburg; C. Broodo; X. Z. Cai; H. Caines; M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez; D. Cebra; J. Ceska; I. Chakaberia; P. Chaloupka; Y. S. Chang; Z. Chang; A. Chatterjee; D. Chen; J. H. Chen; Q. Chen; Z. Chen; J. Cheng; Y. Cheng; W. Christie; X. Chu; S. Corey; H. J. Crawford; M. Csanád; G. Dale-Gau; A. Das; I. M. Deppner; A. Deshpande; A. Dhamija; A. Dimri; P. Dixit; X. Dong; J. L. Drachenberg; E. Duckworth; J. C. Dunlop; J. Engelage; G. Eppley; S. Esumi; O. Evdokimov; O. Eyser; R. Fatemi; S. Fazio; Y. Feng; E. Finch; Y. Fisyak; F. A. Flor; C. Fu; T. Fu; C. A. Gagliardi; T. Galatyuk; T. Gao; F. Geurts; A. Gibson; K. Gopal; X. Gou; D. Grosnick; A. Gu; A. Gupta; W. Guryn; A. Hamed; R. J. Hamilton; X. Han; Y. Han; S. Harabasz; M. D. Harasty; J. W. Harris; H. Harrison-Smith; L. B. Havener; X. H. He; Y. He; N. Herrmann; L. Holub; C. Hu; Q. Hu; Y. Hu; H. Huang; H. Z. Huang; S. L. Huang; T. Huang; Y. Huang; M. Isshiki; W. W. Jacobs; A. Jalotra; C. Jena; A. Jentsch; Y. Ji; J. Jia; C. Jin; N. Jindal; X. Ju; E. G. Judd; S. Kabana; D. Kalinkin; K. Kang; D. Kapukchyan; K. Kauder; D. Keane; M. Kesler; A. Khanal; Y. V. Khyzhniak; D. P. Kikoła; J. Kim; D. Kincses; I. Kisel; A. Kiselev; A. G. Knospe; J. Kołaś; B. Korodi; L. K. Kosarzewski; L. Kumar; M. C. Labonte; R. Lacey; J. M. Landgraf; C. Larson; J. Lauret; A. Lebedev; J. H. Lee; Y. H. Leung; D. Li; H. -S. Li; H. Li; W. Li; X. Li; Y. Li; Z. Li; X. Liang; R. Licenik; T. Lin; Y. Lin; M. A. Lisa; C. Liu; G. Liu; H. Liu; L. Liu; Z. Liu; T. Ljubicic; O. Lomicky; R. S. Longacre; E. M. Loyd; T. Lu; J. Luo; X. F. Luo; L. Ma; R. Ma; Y. G. Ma; N. Magdy; D. Mallick; R. Manikandhan; S. Margetis; C. Markert; O. Matonoha; O. Mezhanska; K. Mi; S. Mioduszewski; B. Mohanty; B. Mondal; M. M. Mondal; I. Mooney; J. Mrazkova; M. I. Nagy; C. J. Naim; A. S. Nain; J. D. Nam; M. Nasim; H. Nasrulloh; J. M. Nelson; M. Nie; G. Nigmatkulov; T. Niida; T. Nonaka; G. Odyniec; A. Ogawa; S. Oh; K. Okubo; B. S. Page; S. Pal; A. Pandav; A. Panday; A. K. Pandey; T. Pani; A. Paul; S. Paul; D. Pawlowska; C. Perkins; J. Pluta; B. R. Pokhrel; I. D. Ponce Pinto; M. Posik; E. Pottebaum; S. Prodhan; T. L. Protzman; A. Prozorov; V. Prozorova; N. K. Pruthi; M. Przybycien; J. Putschke; Z. Qin; H. Qiu; C. Racz; S. K. Radhakrishnan; A. Rana; R. L. Ray; R. Reed; C. W. Robertson; M. Robotkova; M. A. Rosales Aguilar; D. Roy; P. Roy Chowdhury; L. Ruan; A. K. Sahoo; N. R. Sahoo; H. Sako; S. Salur; S. S. Sambyal; J. K. Sandhu; S. Sato; B. C. Schaefer; N. Schmitz; F. -J. Seck; J. Seger; R. Seto; P. Seyboth; N. Shah; P. V. Shanmuganathan; T. Shao; M. Sharma; N. Sharma; R. Sharma; S. R. Sharma; A. I. Sheikh; D. Shen; D. Y. Shen; K. Shen; S. Shi; Y. Shi; F. Si; J. Singh; S. Singha; P. Sinha; M. J. Skoby; N. Smirnov; Y. Söhngen; Y. Song; T. D. S. Stanislaus; M. Stefaniak; Y. Su; M. Sumbera; X. Sun; Y. Sun; B. Surrow; M. Svoboda; Z. W. Sweger; A. C. Tamis; A. H. Tang; Z. Tang; T. Tarnowsky; J. H. Thomas; A. R. Timmins; D. Tlusty; D. Torres Valladares; S. Trentalange; P. Tribedy; S. K. Tripathy; T. Truhlar; B. A. Trzeciak; O. D. Tsai; C. Y. Tsang; Z. Tu; J. E. Tyler; T. Ullrich; D. G. Underwood; G. Van Buren; J. Vanek; I. Vassiliev; F. Videbæk; S. A. Voloshin; F. Wang; G. Wang; J. S. Wang; J. Wang; K. Wang; X. Wang; Y. Wang; Z. Wang; A. J. Watroba; J. C. Webb; P. C. Weidenkaff; G. D. Westfall; D. Wielanek; H. Wieman; G. Wilks; S. W. Wissink; R. Witt; C. P. Wong; J. Wu; X. Wu; B. Xi; Z. G. Xiao; G. Xie; W. Xie; H. Xu; N. Xu; Q. H. Xu; Y. Xu; Z. Xu; G. Yan; Z. Yan; C. Yang; Q. Yang; S. Yang; Y. Yang; Z. Ye; L. Yi; Y. Yu; H. Zbroszczyk; W. Zha; C. Zhang; D. Zhang; J. Zhang; S. Zhang; W. Zhang; X. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; F. Zhao; J. Zhao; S. Zhou; Y. Zhou; X. Zhu; M. Zurek; M. Zyzak; Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63216-5

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Temperature measurement of Quark-Gluon plasma at different stages

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Temperature measurement of Quark-Gluon plasma at different stages

B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. K. Alshammri, E. C. Aschenauer, S. Aslam, J. Atchison, …

Nature communications, Vol.16(1)

10/14/2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63216-5

Abstract

Experimental nuclear physics

Experimental particle physics

NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

In a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the fundamental building blocks of matter, quarks and gluons, are under extreme conditions of temperature and density. A QGP could exist in the early stages of the Universe, and in various objects and events in the cosmos. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of the QGP are described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and can be studied in heavy-ion collisions. Despite being a key thermodynamic parameter, the QGP temperature is still poorly known. Thermal lepton pairs (e+e− and μ+μ−) are ideal penetrating probes of the true temperature of the emitting source, since their invariant-mass spectra suffer neither from strong final-state interactions nor from blue-shift effects due to rapid expansion. Here we measure the QGP temperature using thermal e+e− production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The average temperature from the low-mass region (in-medium ρ0 vector-meson dominant) is (2.01 ± 0.23) × 1012 K, consistent with the chemical freeze-out temperature from statistical models and the phase transition temperature from Lattice QCD. The average temperature from the intermediate mass region (above the ρ0 mass, QGP dominant) is significantly higher at (3.25 ± 0.60) × 1012 K. This work provides essential experimental thermodynamic measurements to map out the QCD phase diagram and understand the properties of matter under extreme conditions.

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Title: Temperature measurement of Quark-Gluon plasma at different stages
Creators: B. E. Aboona - Texas A&M University
J. Adam - Czech Technical University in Prague
L. Adamczyk - AGH University of Krakow
I. Aggarwal - Panjab University
M. M. Aggarwal - Panjab University
Z. Ahammed - Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
A. K. Alshammri - Kent State University
E. C. Aschenauer - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Aslam - Fudan University
J. Atchison - Abilene Christian University
V. Bairathi - University of Tarapacá
X. Bao - Shandong University
K. Barish - University of California, Riverside
S. Behera - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
R. Bellwied - University of Houston
P. Bhagat - University of Jammu
A. Bhasin - University of Jammu
S. Bhatta - State University of New York
S. R. Bhosale - AGH University of Krakow
J. Bielcik - Czech Technical University in Prague
J. Bielcikova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
J. D. Brandenburg - The Ohio State University
C. Broodo - University of Houston
X. Z. Cai - Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
H. Caines - Yale University
M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez
D. Cebra - University of California, Davis
J. Ceska - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. Chakaberia - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
P. Chaloupka - Czech Technical University in Prague
Y. S. Chang - Purdue University West Lafayette
Z. Chang - Indiana University Bloomington
A. Chatterjee - National Institute of Technology Durgapur
D. Chen - University of California, Riverside
J. H. Chen
Q. Chen - Guangxi Normal University
Z. Chen - Shandong University
J. Cheng - Tsinghua University
Y. Cheng - University of California, Los Angeles
W. Christie - Brookhaven National Laboratory
X. Chu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Corey - The Ohio State University
H. J. Crawford - University of California, Berkeley
M. Csanád - Eötvös Loránd University
G. Dale-Gau - University of Illinois Chicago
A. Das - Czech Technical University in Prague
I. M. Deppner - Heidelberg University
A. Deshpande - State University of New York
A. Dhamija - Panjab University
A. Dimri - State University of New York
P. Dixit - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
X. Dong - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. L. Drachenberg - Abilene Christian University
E. Duckworth - Kent State University
J. C. Dunlop - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Engelage - University of California, Berkeley
G. Eppley - Rice University
S. Esumi - University of Tsukuba
O. Evdokimov - University of Illinois Chicago
O. Eyser - Brookhaven National Laboratory
R. Fatemi - University of Kentucky
S. Fazio - University of Calabria
Y. Feng - Purdue University West Lafayette
E. Finch - Southern Connecticut State University
Y. Fisyak - Brookhaven National Laboratory
F. A. Flor - Yale University
C. Fu - Institute of Modern Physics
T. Fu - Shandong University
C. A. Gagliardi - Texas A&M University
T. Galatyuk - Technical University of Darmstadt
T. Gao - Shandong University
F. Geurts
A. Gibson
K. Gopal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
X. Gou - Shandong University
D. Grosnick - Valparaiso University
A. Gu - Huzhou University
A. Gupta - University of Jammu
W. Guryn - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. Hamed - American University in Cairo
R. J. Hamilton - Yale University
X. Han - The Ohio State University
Y. Han - Rice University
S. Harabasz - Technical University of Darmstadt
M. D. Harasty - University of California, Davis
J. W. Harris - Yale University
H. Harrison-Smith - University of Kentucky
L. B. Havener - Yale University
X. H. He - Institute of Modern Physics
Y. He - Shandong University
N. Herrmann - Heidelberg University
L. Holub - Czech Technical University in Prague
C. Hu - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Q. Hu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Hu - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
H. Huang - State University of New York
H. Z. Huang - State University of New York
S. L. Huang - State University of New York
T. Huang - University of Illinois Chicago
Y. Huang - Central China Normal University
M. Isshiki - University of Tsukuba
W. W. Jacobs - Indiana University Bloomington
A. Jalotra - University of Jammu
C. Jena - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
A. Jentsch - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. Ji - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Jia - Brookhaven National Laboratory
C. Jin - Rice University
N. Jindal - The Ohio State University
X. Ju - University of Science and Technology of China
E. G. Judd - University of California, Berkeley
S. Kabana - University of Tarapacá
D. Kalinkin - University of Kentucky
K. Kang - Tsinghua University
D. Kapukchyan - University of California, Riverside
K. Kauder - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Keane - Kent State University
M. Kesler - Kent State University
A. Khanal - Wayne State University
Y. V. Khyzhniak - The Ohio State University
D. P. Kikoła - Warsaw University of Technology
J. Kim - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. Kincses - Eötvös Loránd University
I. Kisel - Eötvös Loránd University
A. Kiselev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. G. Knospe - Lehigh University
J. Kołaś - Warsaw University of Technology
B. Korodi - The Ohio State University
L. K. Kosarzewski - The Ohio State University
L. Kumar - Panjab University
M. C. Labonte - University of California, Davis
R. Lacey - State University of New York
J. M. Landgraf - Brookhaven National Laboratory
C. Larson - University of Kentucky
J. Lauret - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. Lebedev - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. H. Lee - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Y. H. Leung - Heidelberg University
D. Li - University of Kentucky
H. -S. Li - Purdue University West Lafayette
H. Li - Purdue University West Lafayette
W. Li - Rice University
X. Li - University of California, Riverside
Y. Li - University of Science and Technology of China
Z. Li - South China Normal University
X. Liang - University of California, Riverside
R. Licenik - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
T. Lin
Y. Lin - Guangxi Normal University
M. A. Lisa - The Ohio State University
C. Liu - Institute of Modern Physics
G. Liu - South China Normal University
H. Liu - Huzhou University
L. Liu - Huzhou University
Z. Liu - Central China Normal University
T. Ljubicic - Rice University
O. Lomicky - Czech Technical University in Prague
R. S. Longacre - Brookhaven National Laboratory
E. M. Loyd - Brookhaven National Laboratory
T. Lu - Institute of Modern Physics
J. Luo - Institute of Modern Physics
X. F. Luo - Central China Normal University
L. Ma - Central China Normal University
R. Ma - University of Jammu
Y. G. Ma
N. Magdy - Texas Southern University
D. Mallick - Texas Southern University
R. Manikandhan - University of Houston
S. Margetis - Kent State University
C. Markert - Kent State University
O. Matonoha - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. Mezhanska - Czech Technical University in Prague
K. Mi - Czech Technical University in Prague
S. Mioduszewski - Texas A&M University
B. Mohanty - National Institute of Science Education and Research
B. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
M. M. Mondal - National Institute of Science Education and Research
I. Mooney - Yale University
J. Mrazkova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
M. I. Nagy - Eötvös Loránd University
C. J. Naim - State University of New York
A. S. Nain - Panjab University
J. D. Nam - Temple University
M. Nasim - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
H. Nasrulloh - University of Science and Technology of China
J. M. Nelson - University of California, Berkeley
M. Nie - Shandong University
G. Nigmatkulov - University of Illinois Chicago
T. Niida - University of Tsukuba
T. Nonaka - University of Tsukuba
G. Odyniec - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ogawa - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Oh - Brookhaven National Laboratory
K. Okubo - University of Tsukuba
B. S. Page - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. Pal - Czech Technical University in Prague
A. Pandav - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Panday - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
A. K. Pandey - Chinese Academy of Sciences
T. Pani - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
A. Paul - State University of New York
S. Paul - State University of New York
D. Pawlowska - Warsaw University of Technology
C. Perkins - University of California, Berkeley
J. Pluta - Warsaw University of Technology
B. R. Pokhrel - Temple University
I. D. Ponce Pinto
M. Posik - Temple University
E. Pottebaum - Yale University
S. Prodhan - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
T. L. Protzman - Lehigh University
A. Prozorov - Czech Technical University in Prague
V. Prozorova - Czech Technical University in Prague
N. K. Pruthi - Panjab University
M. Przybycien - AGH University of Krakow
J. Putschke - Wayne State University
Z. Qin - Tsinghua University
H. Qiu - Institute of Modern Physics
C. Racz - University of California, Riverside
S. K. Radhakrishnan - Kent State University
A. Rana - Panjab University
R. L. Ray - The University of Texas at Austin
R. Reed - Lehigh University
C. W. Robertson - Purdue University West Lafayette
M. Robotkova - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
M. A. Rosales Aguilar
D. Roy - Warsaw University of Technology
P. Roy Chowdhury
L. Ruan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
A. K. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
N. R. Sahoo - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
H. Sako - University of Tsukuba
S. Salur - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
S. S. Sambyal - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
J. K. Sandhu - University of Jammu
S. Sato - University of Tsukuba
B. C. Schaefer - Lehigh University
N. Schmitz - Lehigh University
F. -J. Seck - Technical University of Darmstadt
J. Seger - Creighton University
R. Seto - University of California, Riverside
P. Seyboth - Max Planck Institute for Physics
N. Shah - Indian Institute of Technology Patna
P. V. Shanmuganathan - Brookhaven National Laboratory
T. Shao - Fudan University
M. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
N. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
R. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur
S. R. Sharma - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
A. I. Sheikh - Kent State University
D. Shen - Chinese Academy of Sciences
D. Y. Shen - Chinese Academy of Sciences
K. Shen - Shandong University
S. Shi - University of Science and Technology of China
Y. Shi - Shandong University
F. Si - University of Science and Technology of China
J. Singh - University of Tarapacá
S. Singha - Institute of Modern Physics
P. Sinha - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati
M. J. Skoby - Purdue University West Lafayette
N. Smirnov - Yale University
Y. Söhngen - Heidelberg University
Y. Song - Yale University
T. D. S. Stanislaus - Valparaiso University
M. Stefaniak - The Ohio State University
Y. Su - University of Science and Technology of China
M. Sumbera - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
X. Sun - Institute of Modern Physics
Y. Sun - University of Science and Technology of China
B. Surrow - Temple University
M. Svoboda - Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute
Z. W. Sweger - University of California, Davis
A. C. Tamis - Yale University
A. H. Tang
Z. Tang - University of Science and Technology of China
T. Tarnowsky - Michigan State University
J. H. Thomas - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. R. Timmins - University of Houston
D. Tlusty - Creighton University
D. Torres Valladares
S. Trentalange - University of California, Los Angeles
P. Tribedy - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. K. Tripathy - Warsaw University of Technology
T. Truhlar - Czech Technical University in Prague
B. A. Trzeciak - Czech Technical University in Prague
O. D. Tsai - University of California, Los Angeles
C. Y. Tsang - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Z. Tu - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. E. Tyler - Texas A&M University
T. Ullrich - Brookhaven National Laboratory
D. G. Underwood - Valparaiso University
G. Van Buren - Brookhaven National Laboratory
J. Vanek - Brookhaven National Laboratory
I. Vassiliev - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
F. Videbæk - Brookhaven National Laboratory
S. A. Voloshin - Wayne State University
F. Wang - Purdue University West Lafayette
G. Wang - Purdue University West Lafayette
J. S. Wang - Shandong University
J. Wang - Shandong University
K. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
X. Wang - Shandong University
Y. Wang - Tsinghua University
Z. Wang - University of Science and Technology of China
A. J. Watroba - Krakow University of Economics
J. C. Webb - Brookhaven National Laboratory
P. C. Weidenkaff - Heidelberg University
G. D. Westfall - Michigan State University
D. Wielanek - Warsaw University of Technology
H. Wieman - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
G. Wilks - University of Illinois Chicago
S. W. Wissink - Indiana University Bloomington
R. Witt - United States Naval Academy
C. P. Wong - University of Illinois Chicago
J. Wu - Indiana University Bloomington
X. Wu - University of California, Los Angeles
B. Xi - Fudan University
Z. G. Xiao - Tsinghua University
G. Xie - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
W. Xie - Purdue University West Lafayette
H. Xu - Huzhou University
N. Xu - Tsinghua University
Q. H. Xu
Y. Xu - Shandong University
Z. Xu - Argonne National Laboratory
G. Yan
Z. Yan - State University of New York
C. Yang - Shandong University
Q. Yang - Shandong University
S. Yang - Argonne National Laboratory
Y. Yang - Argonne National Laboratory
Z. Ye - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Yi - Shandong University
Y. Yu - Shandong University
H. Zbroszczyk - Warsaw University of Technology
W. Zha - South China Normal University
C. Zhang - Fudan University
D. Zhang - South China Normal University
J. Zhang - Shandong University
S. Zhang - Chongqing University
W. Zhang - Shandong University
X. Zhang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
Y. Zhang - University of Science and Technology of China
Z. Zhang - South China Normal University
F. Zhao - Lanzhou University
J. Zhao - South China Normal University
S. Zhou - Central China Normal University
Y. Zhou - Guangxi Normal University
X. Zhu - Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Zurek - Argonne National Laboratory
M. Zyzak - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)
Publication Details: Nature communications, Vol.16(1)
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Identifiers: 991006249579602656
Academic Unit: Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article